Orthopedic Care and Consultation
We often hear of accidents happening around us. We know that occurrence of trauma is very common. We read it in newspapers, see it on television and often witness ourselves when we travel on a long distance journey.
We are fortunate if we have not gone through an episode of trauma.
Today I am not going to talk about simple trauma that we often hear about. [Read more...]
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Various muscles and ligaments attach on scapula that are used to stabilize and move the bone. Movement of scapula helps in movements of shoulder joint. [Read more...]
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Scapula is bone of shoulder girdle. It serves as connection between upper limb and clavicle. Its acromion process articulates with clavicle at lateral end of clavicle to form acromioclavicular joint. It also forms glenohumeral joint, popularly known as shoulder joint through its glenoid cavity with head of humerus. It has two surfaces, three borders, three angles and three processes. [Read more...]
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Clavicle of right side viewed from below (left image) and from above(right image)
The clavicle is a long bone that connects trunk with upper limb. It is also known as collar bone. Its main function is support of the shoulder and transmittal of upper limb weight to the trunk through the sternum. [Read more...]
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In this section we would have a brief outline of bones that are part of upper limb.
As we noted before upper limb starts at shoulder girdle and ends in hand. Below the external contours is hidden a complex skeletal framework that provides shape, support and mobility to upper limb. Upper limb has been highly modified in humans to enable the superior reach and grasp.
In this article we would just touch the bones briefly. Each bone would be discussed in detail separately. [Read more...]
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The upper and lower limbs were evolved basically for bearing the weight of the body and for locomotion. In quadrupedsforelimbs and hindlimbsairs of limbs are, therefore, built on the same basic pattern.
Each limb is made up of a basal segment or girdle, and a free part divided into proximal, middle and distal segments. The girdle attaches the limb to the axial skeleton. The distal segment carries the five digits.
Following table will elicit the similarity between two limbs
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The portion of spine encompassing neck region forms cervical spine. It is formed by first seven vertebra which are named as C1 to C7.
Anatomically, cervical spine starts where the top vertebra (C1) connects to the bottom of the skull. Normal cervical spine has a lordosis.That means it is curved with convexity on anterior aspect. It ends when C7 joins with first thoracic vertebra. [Read more...]
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Vertebrae are the structural units of spine. They are stacked together to form entire vertebral column.Between each vertebra in the spine are cushion like structures called intervertebral discs which act as shock absorbers and also permit some movement between the vertebral bodies. Various ligaments of spine stabilize the spine and also allow movements of spine.
Movements of spine occur at special joints called facet joints that are formed between two adjacent vertebrae. Various muscles of spine carry out the movements of spine. These muscles are important for maintaining posture and transmission of loads created during normal activities, work, and play. Strength of these muscles is important and lack of strength would lead to varoius backache problems. [Read more...]
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