Orthopedic Care and Consultation
Lamina means a very thin layer. [Plural - laminae]
In medicine, lamina mostly refers to lamina of vertebral arch.
The laminæ are two broad plates, extending dorsally and medially from the pedicles. [See image below]
The both laminae fuse posteriorly and along with pedicles they constitute vertebral arch.
Pelvic Tilt is defined angle between the vertical and the line through the midpoint of the sacral plate to femoral heads axis.
Pelvic tilt, sacral slope and pelvic incidence
Normal average is 40°.
Overhang defined as the horizontal offset between the midpoint of the sacral plate and the femoral heads axis.
Sum of sacral slope and pelvic tilt gives pelvic incidence.
The sacral slope is value of the angle between the superior plate of S1 and a horizontal line.
Measurement of Sacral Slope
Thus a vertical sacrum is described by a low value, a horizontal sacrum measures a high value.
Pelvic tilt, sacral slope and pelvic incidence
Sum of sacral slope and pelvic tilt gives pelvic incidence.
Spondylolysis is defined as a bony defect in the pars interarticularis of a vertebral arch.
When this defect is bilateral, the anterior and posterior portion of the neural arch separate. The inferior articular
processes, lamina, and spinous process no longer remain connected to the superior articular processes, pedicles, and vertebral body.
Because of this discontinuity spondylolisthesis may result.
One lung ventilation is anesthesia used in thoracic surgeries where patient is ventilated on one lung whereas other one is allowed to collapse.
One lung ventilation is used for
-For improving surgical access
-For protecting healthy lung from being contaminated during surgery of diseased one
-Independent lung ventilation by two ventilators when one lung is diseased and other is normal [Read more...]
Video Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery, often referred to as VATS, is performed using a small video camera that is introduced into the patient’s chest via a scope.
It is used both for diagnostic as well therapeutic procedures.
Compared with open thoracotomy, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery is considered to be minimally invasive.
It is finding an ever-increasing role in the diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of thoracic disorders that previously required sternotomy or open thoracotomy.
The potential advantages include less postoperative pain, fewer operative complications, shortened hospital stay and reduced costs.
Jacobeaus frst used a thoracoscope to diagnose and treat effusions secondary to tuberculosis in 1910. The application of video cameras to thoracoscopes for high defnition magnifed viewing, coupled with the development of sophisticated surgical instruments and stapling devices, has greatly expanded the scope of procedures done with thoracoscopy. [Read more...]
Pseudofracture is a radiological finding on an xray.
As its name It is an appearance similar to a fracture line but is not a fracture in true sense, hence the name. However, some consider it to be a form of insufficiency type of stress fracture.
A pseudofracture appears as a lucent area on radiographs that is oriented at right angles to the cortex and extends from the surface across the diameter of the bone. Frequently sclerosis occurs at margins between bones, and callus-like new bone is observed at the periosteal margin.
Pseudofractures are typically found in the axillary margins of the scapula, ribs, pubic rami, proximal ends of the femora and ulna. [These regions of presilection are in ptients of osteomalacia]
Pseudofractures are also called as Looser Zones. They represent deficient mineralization. [Read more...]
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