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Cobb’s Angle

March 10, 2011 By 2 Comments

The original Cobb’s  angle was used to measure lateral curve severity in scoliosis but also has subsequently been adapted to classify deformity in kyphosis.

For evaluation of curves in scoliosis, an anteroposterior radiograph is used.

For measurement, When assessing a curve the apical vertebra [The vertebra most deviated laterally from the vertical axis that passes through the patient's sacrum] is first identified. This is the most likely displaced and rotated vertebra with the least tilted end plate.

The end/transitional vertebra are then identified through the curve above and below. [Read more...]

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Atlanto Occipital Membrane

February 25, 2011 By Leave a Comment

Atlantooccipital membrane can be

  • Anterior atlantooccipital membrane
  • Posterior atlantooccipital membrane

The anterior atlantooccipital membrane or anterior atlantooccipital ligament is broad and has dense woven fibers. The fibers pass between the anterior margin of the foramen magnum above, and the upper border of the anterior arch of the atlas below.

Laterally, it is continuous with the articular capsules. [Read more...]

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Artery of Adamkiewicz.

December 25, 2010 By 1 Comment

The Artery of Adamkiewicz is the largest anterior segmental medullary artery. It is also known by the following names

  • Adamkiewicz artery
  • Major anterior segmental medullary artery
  • Artery of the lumbar enlargement
  • Great radicular artery of Adamkiewicz
  • Great anterior radiculomedullary artery
  • Great anterior segmental medullary artery

It typically arises from a left posterior intercostal artery between T9-T11, which branches from the aorta, and supplies the lower two thirds of the spinal cord via the anterior spinal artery. [Read more...]

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Accessory Atlantoaxial Ligaments

November 19, 2010 By Leave a Comment

Thes liaments are on either side and  passes obliquely downwards and medially from the back of lateral mass of the atlas to the back of body of axis vertebra.

In its course it runs in direct contact with posterior aspect of the joint capsule.

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Calcaneus

August 7, 2010 By Leave a Comment

Calcaneus or Calcaneum is the largest of the tarsal bones is the largest bone of the foot.

The posterior half of the bone is the tuber calcanei. On its lower edge on either sides are its lateral and medial processes which serve as the origins of the abductor hallucis and abductor digit minimi. The Achilles tendon is inserted into a roughened area on its superior side, the cuboid bone articulates with its anterior side, and on its superior side are three articular surfaces for the articulation with the talus bone. [Read more...]

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Arnold Chiari Malformation

June 5, 2010 By 1 Comment

Arnold-Chiari malformation is a malformation of the brain. It is also known as Chiari malformation.  It is a downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum (the opening at the base of the skull). This may cause obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus.

Types

I

This is most common form. A congenital malformation which is asymptomatic during childhood, but often manifests with headaches and cerebellar symptoms. Herniation of cerebellar tonsils occurs.

Syndrome of occipitoatlantoaxial hypermobility is an acquired Chiari I Malformation in patients with hereditary disorders of connective tissue. [Read more...]

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Cuboid

June 2, 2010 By Leave a Comment

In the human body, the cuboid bone is one of the seven tarsal bones of the foot.

Articulations

[image shows articulations of left cuboid]

Distally, the Cuboid articulates with the fourth and fifth metatarsals, forming the fourth and fifth tarsometatarsal joints.

Proximally, it articulates with the calcaneus, forming the calcaneocuboid joint.

The medial surface of the bone articulates with both the lateral cuneiform bone and the navicular bone.

The inferior surface has a groove on its distal third for the tendon of the peroneous longus muscles.

The calcaneocuboid joint is a vital link in lateral foot stability. The calcaneocuboid joint is formed by the calcaneus and cuboid bones. This joint is susceptible to sudden injury or chronic strain, which can cause this joint to partially dislocate or subluxate.

Text and Image Credit: Wikipedia

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Decompression

April 13, 2010 By 3 Comments

Decompression in literal terms mean removal of compression. The term is used whenever a surgery is done to relieve the compression. Most frequent deompressive surgery is performed in spine.

Spinal decompression surgery is a general term that refers to procedures for relieving symptoms caused by pressure, or compression, on the spinal cord and/or nerve roots.

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Chymopapain

April 9, 2010 By Leave a Comment

Chymopapain is a proteolytic enzyme isolated from the latex of papaya. It is a medication used to treat slipped lower lumbar discs in the spine.

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Arachnoid Mater

April 5, 2010 By Leave a Comment

The meninges is the system of membranes which envelops the central nervous system. The meninges consist of three layers: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater.

The arachnoid mater is the midddle and is interposed between the two other meninges, the more superficial dura mater and the deeper pia mater. It is separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid space.

It is, attached to the inside of the dura, surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid flows under this membrane in the subarachnoid space.

The arachnoid and pia mater are sometimes considered as a single structure, the leptomeninx, or leptomeninges..

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