Orthopedic Care and Consultation
Phalanges are the bones that form the fingers and toes.
Phalanges are of three types
Distal phalanges
These form tips of the fingers and toes. These articulate with middle phalanges on their respective digits.
Proximal phalanges
These articulate with metacarpal heads of the hand in foot with metatarsal head.
Middle or Intermediate phalanges
These phalanges are between the distal and proximal phalanges. [Read more...]
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The pyramidal syndrome consists of all the symptoms which are caused by partial or complete damage of the pyramidal tract and is suggested by
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Osteosynthesis is the term used for the reduction and fixation of a bone fracture and fixing them with rigid implants. Thus it points to a surgical procedure. Osteosynthesis aim to bring the fractured bone ends together and immobilize the fracture site while healing takes place.
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Retropulsion denotes a backward movement. In spinal fractures the term is used when a fractured fragment is pushed backwards on to the cord. A retropulsed fragment potentially causes compromises of spinal canal space and indents over the cord causing compression.
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A pain diagram is drawn by patient to assit the physician in understanding the nature of his pain. In this, the patient is provided with charts having human body diagrams. The diagrams show human body from front, back and sides. If a particular area is to be studied in detailed, a magnified diagram of the area can be provided.
The patient marks following things-
A pain diagram enables the physician to assess the patient condition better.
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The meninges is the system of membranes which envelops the central nervous system. The meninges consist of three layers: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater.
The pia mater is the delicate innermost layer of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
It is thin and mesh like and It supplies blood to the superficial areas of the cortex and supports larger blood vessels passing over the surface of the brain. The pia mater is anchored to the brain by the processes of astrocytes. It joins with the ependyma which lines the cerebral ventricles to form choroid plexuses that produce cerebrospinal fluid.
In the spinal cord, the pia mater attaches to the dura mater by denticulate ligaments that pass through the arachnoid mater.
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Sometimes, the patient might have significant psychological motivators for reporting of symptoms. These motivators have been divided into secondaryand primarygain.
A primary gaproduces positive internal motivations.
If a patient feels guilty about being unable to perform some task and if could justify it by some medical condition, he might not feel so bad.
Primary gain is most dramatically demonstrated in conversion disorder. The gain may not be particularly evident to an outside observer.
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The palmar aponeurosis 0r palmar fascia is the fascia that invests the muscles of the palm. It consists of central, lateral, and medial portions.
The central portion occupies the middle of the palm, is triangular in shape, and of great strength and thickness.
The lateral and medial portions of the palmar aponeurosis are thin, fibrous layers, which cover, on the radial side, the muscles of the ball of the thumb, and, on the ulnar side, the muscles of the little finger.
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The pisiform bone (also called pisiform or lentiform bone) is a small, pea-shaped carpal bone found in the proximal row of the carpus. It is located where the ulna joins the carpus (wrist). It articulates only with the triquetral.
It is a sesamoid bone.
Carpal Bones - Distal and Proximal Rows Proximal: A=Scaphoid, B=Lunate, C=Triquetral, D=Pisiform Distal: E=Trapezium, F=Trapezoid, G=Capitate, H=Hamate
Surfaces and Articulations
Its dorsal surface presents a smooth, oval facet, for articulation with the triquetral.
Left Pisiform Bone, Triangular bone is another name for Triquetral
The palmar surface is rounded and rough, and gives attachment to the transverse carpal ligament, flexor carpi ulnaris, abductor digiti quinti.
The lateral and medial surfaces are also rough, the former being concave, the latter usually convex.
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The term radiculopathy refers to describe pain, and other symptoms like numbness, tingling, and weakness in your arms or legs caused by a irritation or compression of nerve roots.
This term comes from a combination of the Latin word “radix,” which means the roots of a tree, and “pathos,” which means a disease.
This condition is often caused by direct pressure from a herniated disc or degenerative changes in the lumbar spine that cause irritation and inflammation of the nerve roots.
Pain and numbness is felt in the area of skin supplied the by sensory fibers of the nerve root. In addition the muscles supplied can show weakness.
Radiculopathy pertaining to lower limb is commonly referred to as sciatica.
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