Os vesalianum pedis is an accessory bone of the foot located proximal to the fifth metatarsal and found within the peroneus brevis tendon. It is a rare occurrence [Incidence-0.1% and 0.4%]

The Os Vesalianum should be differentited in cases of fifth metatarsal avulsion fracture, ossifying apophysis of the fifth metatarsal base, Iselin’s disease, an ununited apophysis of the fifth metatarsal base and a fracture of the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal, nonunion of a tuberosity fracture of the fifth metatarsal and an os peroneum.

Os Vesalianum -Accessory Bone of the foot Proximal to Fifth Metatarsal

Sometimes, os vesalianum may become symptomatic due to trauma and the treatment is rest, limited weight bearing, and/or casting. In cases resistant to conservative treatment, excision of the painful fragment, without disruption of the peroneus brevis tendon insertion can be done.

Related posts:

1. Flexor Digitorum Brevis
2. Abductor Digiti Minimi
3. Abductor Pollicis Brevis

Rocker Bottom Shoe

Uses

• To reduce the function or replace the lost function of a joint

• To compensate for the lost range of motion

Rocker Bottom Shoes should be worn when advised by your doctor.

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1. Pisiform
2. Capitate

As it ossifies, the part that gets ossified is visible on xray and based on this visibility, the Risser sign is of following types [See image for correlation]

Risser I – 25% of the bony cap (iliac apophysis) is ossified and can be seen on xray.

Risser II – 50% of the bony cap is ossified and visible on xray

Risser III -  75%  of the bony cap is ossified and visible on the xray.

Risser IV – Whole of the bony cap is ossified and visible on the xray.

Risser V -  The space between the cap and the pelvis fills in completely with bone. In other words, the apophysis has fused with the bone.

By the time Risser 3 is there the patient has passed the peak of the growth spurt.

[it is this spurt where scoliosis curves can increase rapidly.]

Skeletal maturity can be assessed by the Risser sign. Once started, the Risser sign usually takes 2 years to complete and its progression is quite predictable.

Risser Sign - Image Credit - http://www.e-radiography.net/radpath/r/risser-sign.htm

Once started, the Risser sign usually takes 2 years to complete and its progression is quite predictable.

Risser’s sign is a measures the growth left in the spine and this helps to determine the potential for progression of scoliosis.

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1. Idiopathic Adoloscent Scoliosis
2. DNA Test Can Predict The Progression Risk Of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
3. What Are Types of Scoliosis?

Phalanges are of three types

Distal phalanges

These form tips of the fingers and toes. These articulate with middle phalanges on their respective digits.

Proximal phalanges

These articulate with metacarpal heads of the hand in foot with metatarsal head.

Middle or Intermediate phalanges

These phalanges are between the distal and proximal phalanges.

The thumb and big toe have two phalanges, while the other fingers and toes consist of three.

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1. Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
2. Flexor Digitorum Brevis
3. Flexor Digitorum Profundus

• Spasticity
• Progressively weak muscle
• Wasted muscles
• Increased deep tendon reflexes
• Positive Babinski reflex

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3. Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome

No related posts.

Related posts:

1. Decompression
2. Spinal Nerve
3. DiGeorge Syndrome

The patient marks following things-

• Site of pain
• Nature of pain – burning, pins and needles, stabbing
• Numbness

A pain diagram enables the physician to assess the patient condition better.

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1. Dermatome
2. Abductor Pollicis Brevis

The pia mater is the delicate innermost layer of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

It is thin and mesh like and It supplies blood to the superficial areas of the cortex and supports larger blood vessels passing over the surface of the brain. The pia mater is anchored to the brain by the processes of astrocytes. It joins with the ependyma which lines the cerebral ventricles to form choroid plexuses that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

In the spinal cord, the pia mater attaches to the dura mater by denticulate ligaments that pass through the arachnoid mater.

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2. Dura Mater
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A primary gaproduces positive internal motivations.

If a patient feels guilty about being unable to perform some task and if could justify it by some medical condition, he might not feel so bad.

Primary gain is most dramatically demonstrated in conversion disorder. The gain may not be particularly evident to an outside observer.

Related posts:

1. Secondary Gain