Orthopedic Care and Consultation
The sacral slope is value of the angle between the superior plate of S1 and a horizontal line.
Measurement of Sacral Slope
Thus a vertical sacrum is described by a low value, a horizontal sacrum measures a high value.
Pelvic tilt, sacral slope and pelvic incidence
Sum of sacral slope and pelvic tilt gives pelvic incidence.
Spondylolysis is defined as a bony defect in the pars interarticularis of a vertebral arch.
When this defect is bilateral, the anterior and posterior portion of the neural arch separate. The inferior articular
processes, lamina, and spinous process no longer remain connected to the superior articular processes, pedicles, and vertebral body.
Because of this discontinuity spondylolisthesis may result.
One lung ventilation is anesthesia used in thoracic surgeries where patient is ventilated on one lung whereas other one is allowed to collapse.
One lung ventilation is used for
-For improving surgical access
-For protecting healthy lung from being contaminated during surgery of diseased one
-Independent lung ventilation by two ventilators when one lung is diseased and other is normal [Read more...]
Video Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery, often referred to as VATS, is performed using a small video camera that is introduced into the patient’s chest via a scope.
It is used both for diagnostic as well therapeutic procedures.
Compared with open thoracotomy, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery is considered to be minimally invasive.
It is finding an ever-increasing role in the diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of thoracic disorders that previously required sternotomy or open thoracotomy.
The potential advantages include less postoperative pain, fewer operative complications, shortened hospital stay and reduced costs.
Jacobeaus frst used a thoracoscope to diagnose and treat effusions secondary to tuberculosis in 1910. The application of video cameras to thoracoscopes for high defnition magnifed viewing, coupled with the development of sophisticated surgical instruments and stapling devices, has greatly expanded the scope of procedures done with thoracoscopy. [Read more...]
Evoked potentials are the electrical signals generated by the nervous system in response to sensory stimuli.
Somatosensory evoked potentials consist of a series of responses [presented in wave form] that reflect sequential activation of neural structures along the somatosensory pathways.
Following stimulation sites typically used
The Test
Eectrical stimulation, a square wave of 0.2- to 2-millisecond duration is delivered to a peripheral nerve by surface electrodes or needle elctrodest at the usual sites.
Electrodes are placed over the Erb point [site at the lateral root of the brachial plexus located 2–3 cm above the clavicle] for recording upper extremities and over the lumbosacral spine for lower extremity.
Wave morphology, amplitude, and dispersion is recorded. Depending upon latency of response, the potentials are described as short, middle and long latency somatosensory electric potentials.
Surgical monitoring
SEP monitoring is used during spinal surgeries especially scoliosis correction to recognize any harm caused to the cord. Ischemia of ascending somatosensory pathways produces a drop in amplitude or loss of waveforms, thus warning the surgeon in time to take corrective action.
Use
An abnormal somatosensory evoked potential can be due to problem [dysfunction] of
Diseases of the dorsal columns in which joint position sense and proprioception are impaired invariably are associated with abnormal somatosensory evoked potentials.
Other term – Sepsis
Septicemia is bacteria in the blood (bacteremia) that often occurs with severe infections.It is a potentially life threatening condition.
It occurs with a known or suspected infection whose signs and symptoms fulfill at least two of the following criteria of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) – [Read more...]
A skeletal survey is a series of X-rays of all the bones in the body. The standard set of X-rays for a skeletal survey includes X-rays of
A skeltal survey is used to detect bony changes or lesions affecting the skeleton. It is very useful in cases of multiple myeloma and metabolic disorders of bone like hyperthyroidism etc.
A sclerotome is part of a somite, a structure in vertebrate embryonic development. Sclerotomes eventually differentiate into the vertebrae and most of the skull. The caudal (posterior) half of one sclerotome fuses with the rostral (anterior) half of the adjacent one to form each vertebra
Reference – Wikipedia
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