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Second Line Antitubercular Drugs

May 16, 2010 By Dr Arun Pal Singh Leave a Comment

A second line drug for tuberculosis is either less effective than the first line drug or has an associated toxicity that makes second choice for use in tuberculosis patients.
Second class drugs are used when the patient either does not respond to first line or does not tolerate them and substantiating the treatment is necessary.

Following are  second-line drugs used for the treatment of tuberculosis.

  • Thioacetazone (T)
  • P-aminosalicylic acid (PAS or P).
  • Thioamides – Ethionamide, prothionamide
  • Cycloserine
  • Polypeptides- capreomycin, viomycin, enviomycin
  • Aminoglycosides: e.g., amikacin (AMK), kanamycin (KM)
  • Fluoroquinolones-Ciprofloxacin (CIP), levofloxacin, moxifloxacin (MXF), Ofloxacilin

Commonly used drugs are discussed below- [Read more...]

Popularity: 3% [?]

Filed Under: Drugs, Musculoskeletal Infections Tagged With: antitubercular therapy, second line drugs for tuberculosis

First Line Drugs For Tuberculosis Treatment – Recommended Doses

August 19, 2009 By Dr Arun Pal Singh Leave a Comment

Antitubercular drugs are mainstay of treatment of tuberculosis. The major drugs used and effective are called first line drugs. Following are the first line drugs in tuberculosis

  • Isoniazid
  • Rifampin
  • Pyrazinamide
  • Ethambutol
  • Streptomycin

These five drugs are responsible for control and containment of tubercular disease, among other factors.

The drugs are given on basis of patient weight and dosage may vary in different individuals. The dosage also differ depending on the regimen given. There are three regimen that traditionally have been used for treatment [Read more...]

Popularity: 2% [?]

Filed Under: Drugs, Musculoskeletal Infections Tagged With: ethambutol, INH, isoniazid, pyrizinamide, rifampicin, streptomycin, tuberculosis treatment, WHO tuberculosis

Calcitonin

March 19, 2008 By Dr Arun Pal Singh Leave a Comment

Calcitonin is the hypocalcaemic hormone discovered by Copp in 1962. It is a 32 amino acid single polypeptide produced by parafollicular ‘C’ cells of thyroid. Parathyroids, thymus and cells of medullary carcinoma of thyroid also contain calcitonin.

Synthesis and secretion of calcitonin is regulated by calcium concentration itself. Rise in plasma calcium increases while fall in plasma calcium decreases calcitonin release. [Read more...]

Popularity: 1% [?]

Filed Under: Drugs Tagged With: Calcitonin, Hypercalcaemic, hypocalcaemic hormone, nasal spray, Pagets disease, Paratyroids, Postmenopausal, Preparation and Unitage

An Overview of Parathyroid Hormone

March 19, 2008 By Dr Arun Pal Singh Leave a Comment

Parathormone is stored in intracellular vesicles after its synthesis. Secretion of PTH is regulated by plasma Calcium concentration. Fall in plasma calcium induces parathormone release and rise inhibits secretion.

Changes in phosphate concentration in plasma affect parathormone secretion indirectly by altering Calcium concentration.

Parthyroid Hormone increases plasma calcium levels by increasing resorption of calcium from bone and decreasing the excretion of calcium in urine. It also promotes phosphate excretion which tends to supplement the hypercalcaemic effect. [Read more...]

Popularity: 1% [?]

Filed Under: Drugs Tagged With: bone, Hypoparathyroidism Manifestations, intestines, kidney, Mechanism of action, parathormone, Parathyroid Hormone, PTH, treatment

An Overview of Calcium and Its Role In Body Metabolism

March 18, 2008 By Dr Arun Pal Singh Leave a Comment

After C,H,O and N, Calcium is the most abundant body constituent, making up about 2 percent of body weihgt: 1-5 kg in an adult. Over 99% of this is stored in bones, the rest being distributed in plasma and all tissues and cells. [Read more...]

Popularity: 1% [?]

Filed Under: Drugs Tagged With: Absorption, Calcium, Calcium Balance, Drugs Affecting Calcium Balance, Excretion, parathormone, Physiological Roles, Plasma Calcium Level, PTH, Side Effects of drugs