Orthopedic Care and Consultation
The distal radius is made up of metaphysis and three articular surfaces
The ulna plays an important part of the ligamentous integrity of the DRUJ and TFCC.
The metaphysis is flared distally in both the AP and the lateral planes.
There is a thin cortical bone on dorsal and radial aspect making the fractures typically collapse dorsoradially. [Read more...]
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It is also called radial height.
Radial length is measured on the postreoanterior radiograph.
It is measured as the distance between following two lines.
First line is drawn perpendicular to the long axis of the radius passing through the distal tip of the radial styloid.
Second line is along the articular surface of radius.
The average value of this measurement averages 10-13 mm.
http://www.radiologyassistant.nl/images/477754a4cbaf0radial-height.jpg
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Radial inclination is also termed as radial angle.
This measurement is taken in posteroanterior radiograph of the wrist.
Radial inclination represents the angle between one line connecting the radial styloid tip and the ulnar aspect of the distal radius and a second line perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the radius.
Radial Inclination
The radial inclination ranges between 21° and 25°.
Radial inclination value would change in fractures of articular surface.
Loss of radial inclination will increase the load across the lunate.
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Also called punctum nervosum, Erb’s point is a a landmark of the brachial plexus on the upper trunk, located about 1 inch (2.5 cm) above the clavicle at about the level of the sixth cervical vertebra.
It is located on the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle midway between its attachments to the mastoid process, and the sternum and clavicle.
Erb’s point is formed by the union of the C5 and C6 nerve roots, which later converge. Branches of suprascapular nerves and the nerve to the subclavius also merge. The merged nerve divides into the anterior and posterior division of C5 and C6.
Injury to Erb’s point is commonly sustained at birth or from a fall onto the shoulder.
The nerve roots normally involved are C5 and partly C6. [Read more...]
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The distal radioulnar articulation or inferior radioulnar joint is a joint formed between the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch on the distal radius.
The articular surfaces are connected together by the following ligaments:
Triangular fibrocartilage complex is ulnar continuation of distal radius & presents concave surface for articulation with lunate and triquetrium. [Read more...]
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Ulnar variance refers to the difference between the levels of radial and ulnar articular surfaces. Normally, the articular surface lies slightly in distal position than the ulnar articular surface.
Ulnar variance is said to be neutral if articular surfaces of radius and ulna are at the same level.
Ulnar variance is positive if ulnar articular surface is distal to radial.
Ulnar variance is Negative if ulnar articular surface is proximal to radial.
Normal Ulnar Variance
There are a lot of studies measuring ulnar variance. Most cited value of mean ulnar variance is 0.9 mm (range: -4.2 to +2.3 mm) [ref-Schind et al]
Ulnar variance determines the distribution of load in wrist joints. If ulnar variance is neutral, 80% of load is born by radius and 20% by ulna. [Read more...]
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The Atlas or C1 is the first bone in the neck, is simply a ring, with facets above and below to articulate with occiput above, and the Axis (C2) below.
The Axis (C2) too is quite unique. There is a pivot articulation between the odontoid process of the axis and the ring formed by the anterior arch and the transverse ligament of the atlas.
Image Credit: http://www.chiropractic-help.com/Atlanto-axial-joint-anatomy.html
There are two atlanto-axial joints: median and lateral. [Read more...]
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Phalanges are the bones that form the fingers and toes.
Phalanges are of three types
Distal phalanges
These form tips of the fingers and toes. These articulate with middle phalanges on their respective digits.
Proximal phalanges
These articulate with metacarpal heads of the hand in foot with metatarsal head.
Middle or Intermediate phalanges
These phalanges are between the distal and proximal phalanges. [Read more...]
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An anastomosis is defined as a network of streams that both branch out and reconnect. In human body the blood vessels frequently anastomoe at the places where requirement is high.
Simply put anastomosis is the connection of two structures. [A look at the picture below would explain it in detail].
When it occurs between blood vessels it is called circulatory anastomosis. The circulatory anastomosis is further divided into arterial and venous anastomosis. Arterial anastomosisis common around elbow [picture below], palmar arch in the hand, plantar arch in the foot and anastomosis around the knee among others. [Read more...]
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The blood supply of the spinal cord is mainly dependent on three vessels. These are namely anterior median longitudinal arterial trunk and a pair of posterolateral trunks. These posterolateral trunks are situated near posterior nerve rootlets.
These longitudinal arterial trunks are largest in size in cervical and lumbar regions because the demand of grey matter is much more than white matter.
The size is much smaller in thoracic regions because of the same region.
Generally speaking the thoracic area is supplied poorly as compared to cervical and lumbar region. The blood supply is poorest between levels T4 and T9
However, these are not the sole vessels on which circulation of the spinal cord is dependent. There are many other reinforcing vessels. A list of other vessels supplying the spinal cord is as follows. [Read more...]
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