Various muscles and ligaments attach on scapula that are used to stabilize and move the bone. Movement of scapula helps in movements of shoulder joint.

Muscles

1. The subscapularis arises from the medial two thirds of the subscapular fossa.
2. The serratus anterior is inserted along the medial border of the costal surface-one digitations to the superior angle, two digitations to the medial border, and five digitations to the inferior angle.
3. The supraspinatus arises from the medial two thirds of the supraspinous fossa (including the upper surface of the spine).
4. The infraspinatus arises from the medial two thirds of the infraspinous fossa (including the lower surface of the spine).
5. The deltoid arises from the lower border of the crest of the spine and from the lateral border of the acromion.
6. The trapezius is inserted into the upper border of the crest of the spine and into the medial border of the acromion.
7. The long head of the biceps arises from the supraglenoid tubercle; and the short head from the lateral part of the tip of the coracoid process.
8. The coracobrachialis arises from the medial part of the tip of the coracoid process.
9. The pectoralis minor is inserted into the medial border and superior surface of the coracoid process.
10. The long head of the triceps arises from the infraglenoid tubercle.
11. The teres minor arises from the upper two thirds of the rough strip on the dorsal surface along the lateral border.
12. The teres major arises from the lower one third of the rough strip on the lateral aspect of the lateral border.
13. The levator scapulae is inserted along the dorsal aspect of the media border, from the superior angle up to the root of the spine.
14. The rhomboideus minor is inserted into the medial border (dorsal aspect) opposite the root of the spine.
15. The rhomboideus major is inserted into the medial border (dorsal aspect) between the root of the spine and the inferior angle.
16. The inferior belly of the omohyoid arises from the upper border near the suprascapular notch.

Ligaments

1. The margin of the glenoid cavity gives attachment to the capsule of the shoulder joint and to the glenoid labrum.
2. The margin of the facet on the medial aspect of the acromion gives attachment to the capsule of the acromioclavicular joint.
3. The coracoacromial ligament is attached
   1. To the lateral border of the coracoid process, and
   2. To the medial side of the tip of the acromion process.
4. The coracohumeral ligament is attached to the root of the coracoid process.
5. The coracoclavicular ligament is attached to the coracoid process: the trapezoid part on the superior aspect, and the conoid part near the root.
6. The suprascapular ligament bridges across the suprascapular notch and converts it into a foramen which transmits the suprascapular nerve. The suprascapular vessels lie above the ligament.
7. The spinoglenoid ligament bridges the spino-glenoid notch. The suprascapular vessels and nerve pass deep to it.

Clinical Features

1. Paralysis of the serratus anterior cause ‘winging’ of the scapula. The medial border of the bone becomes unduly prominent, and the arm cannot be abducted.
2. In a developmental anomaly called scaphoid scapula, the medial border is concave.

Text adapted from: Human Anatomy by BD Chaurasia

Image Credit: Wikipedia

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