Movements of human joints occur between planes. Because the movements are in relation to body, special terms have been coined to describe those movements. These terms help in imparting the correct information and proper communication. They also help in recording loss of movements on clinical examination. Here are some commonly used terms in relation to movements
- Flexion- Approximation of the flexor surfaces whereby the angle of the joint is reduced.
- Extension- Approximation of the extensor surfaces whereby the angle of the joint is increased. It is opposite to flexion.
- Adduction- Movement towards the central axis.
- Abduction-Movement away from the central axis. It is opposite to adduction.
- Medial Rotation- Inward rotation.
- Lateral rotation- Outward rotation.
- Circumduction- Various combinations of the foregoing movement i.e. flexion, extension, adduction and abduction. A movement of the arm in circular motion as in cricket bowling is an example of circumduction of shoulder.
- Pronation-Rotation of the forearm so that the palm is turned backwards.
- Supination -Rotation of the forearm so that the palm is turned forwards.
- Protraction- Forwards protrusion.
- Retraction- Movement reverse of protraction.
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