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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

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scapulothoracic bursitis bursa locations

Scapulothoracic Bursitis Causes and Treament

Scapulothoracic bursitis is inflammation of the scapulothoracic bursae present between the scapula and rib cage.Symptomatic scapulothoracic bursitis is not very common.Another similar but different term used is scapulothoracic crepitus [snapping scapula] and it is important to highlight the difference.Scapulothoracic crepitus is referred to as thumping or popping sounds that occur with … [Read More...] about Scapulothoracic Bursitis Causes and Treament

bursae arund shoulder

Bursae Around Shoulder

There are 5-6 bursae around the shoulder. Bursae are the synovial fluid-filled sacs that are present between two surfaces that rub on motion. The purpose of the bursa is to reduce friction and protect the moving tissue.Often these are found at tendon-tendon and tendon-bone interfaces.There are five main bursae around shoulder. They include:Subacromial-subdeltoid bursa Subscapular … [Read More...] about Bursae Around Shoulder

Dorsal Digital Expansion

Dorsal Digital Expansion or Extensor Expansion

The term dorsal digital expansion refers to the small triangular aponeurosis covering the dorsum of the proximal phalanx with its base at the metacarpophalangeal joint. The main tendon of the extensor digitorum occupies the central part of the expansion and is separated from the metacarpophalangeal joint by a bursa.[Aponeurosis is a flat sheet or ribbon of tendon-like material that anchors a … [Read More...] about Dorsal Digital Expansion or Extensor Expansion

Flexor Muscles of Hand and Wrist

Forearm Muscles – Anatomy and Function

The forearm is the area of upper extremity between the elbow and wrist. The bony structure of the forearm is formed by two bones – radius and ulna.There are twenty forearm muscles which are arranged in two compartments – anterior and posterior. The anterior compartment contains flexor muscles and is also called the flexor compartment whereas the posterior compartment contains extensor muscles … [Read More...] about Forearm Muscles – Anatomy and Function

head halter traction

Head Halter Traction- Use and Complications

Head halter traction or cervical halter is a type of spinal traction used in cervical ailments and injuries. It is similar to skin traction used on the limbs and is based on the same principles.The head halter traction is provided by using head halter traction devices which produce an effect of stretching the neck vertebrae and muscles.Head halter traction is usually used for shorter … [Read More...] about Head Halter Traction- Use and Complications

Biceps muscle with both heads of origin

Anatomy of Muscles of Arm

The region between the shoulder joint and the elbow joint is called the upper arm or arm. That between elbow and wrist is called forearm. Brachium and antebrachium are anatomical terms for arm and forearm respectively but are not used that commonly.Muscles of arm can be classified as that of a flexor compartment or anterior compartment [act to flex the elbow joint] and that of extensor or … [Read More...] about Anatomy of Muscles of Arm

Muscles of Shoulder on anterior side

Muscles of Shoulder Region

The human shoulder is made up of three bonesClavicle or collarbone Scapula HumerusGlenohumeral joint and acromioclavicular joints are the main joints of the shoulder region. The joints are stabilized by muscles, ligaments and tendons.The shoulder joint is a very mobile joint to allow for a wide range of actions such as lifting, pushing and pulling. Muscles of Shoulder Muscles … [Read More...] about Muscles of Shoulder Region

anatomical planes of body

Anatomical Position, Planes and Locations

Anatomical Position of Human Body Anatomical position is the basic premise or central tenet, the very core on which all the details of anatomy are based.Thus, to understand the anatomy of the human body, the anatomical position has always to be remembered.The anatomical position of the human body isThe person standing erect and face forward. Arms are straight along the sides of … [Read More...] about Anatomical Position, Planes and Locations

anterior knee pain scale

Anterior Knee Pain Scale- Use and Limitations

The anterior knee pain scale is a patient-reported assessment of symptoms and functional limitations in patellofemoral disorders. It was first published in 1993 by Kujala et al.The questions on the Kujala questionnaire add to total of100 points.Anterior knee pain results in significant symptoms and activity limitations. The anterior knee pain scale is a self-reporting tool. The other … [Read More...] about Anterior Knee Pain Scale- Use and Limitations

lower extremity functional scale

Lower Extremity Functional Scale – Method and Interpretation

Lower extremity functional scale is a test that consists of a questionnaire to evaluate the function of the lower limb in case of musculoskeletal condition or disorder. The test can be used to measure initial function, ongoing progress, and outcome.The lower extremity functional scale was developed in 1999 by Binkley et al. when they were evaluating a group of patients with musculoskeletal … [Read More...] about Lower Extremity Functional Scale – Method and Interpretation

Muscles of pectoral region

Muscles of Pectoral Region – Anatomy and Clinical Significance

Muscles of pectoral region or pectoral muscles are the muscles that connect the front of the chest to the bones of shoulder and arm.The pectoral region refers to the anterior chest wall.They are commonly called as pecs. These muscles also provide shape to the chest and pectoral exercises are quite famous among bodybuilders.The following four muscles constitute the muscles of pectoral … [Read More...] about Muscles of Pectoral Region – Anatomy and Clinical Significance

Rolando Fracture

Rolando Fracture – Presentation and Treatment

Rolando fracture is a three-part intraarticular fracture-dislocation of the base of the thumb. This is an unstable injury that requires surgical reduction and fixation. It is named after Silvio Rolando, an Italian surgeon who described it first. Relevant Anatomy, Mechanism of Injury and Pathophysiology The carpometacarpal joint is between the base of thumb and trapezium bone.The … [Read More...] about Rolando Fracture – Presentation and Treatment

Harms of prolonged sitting

Prolonged Sitting, Its Harmful Effects and Remedies

Prolonged sitting occupies most of our daily time both at home, office or transport. Human bodies are made for moving around as that is what we did for thousands of years. But rapidly developing technology has led to a sedentary life.Modernization of the offices and shifting of emphasis from paper to computer has also contributed to this. Office workers generally work in a sitting position for … [Read More...] about Prolonged Sitting, Its Harmful Effects and Remedies

Ergonomic chairs reduce the stress on the ailing parts

Ergonomic Chair Features, Types and Uses

An ergonomic chair is a chair designed in the way it provides maximum comfort during sitting and properly supports the posture, weight and lumbar while sitting.Though design-wise, ergonomic chairs cater to a range of people, one may need to try more than one model to find a design that suits.Moreover, chairs may not suit every task or arrangement in a particular setup or workstation.A … [Read More...] about Ergonomic Chair Features, Types and Uses

Forces deforming Bennet fracture

Bennett Fracture Causes, Presentation and Treatment

Bennett fracture is an intraarticular fracture involving the base of the thumb and leading to a subluxation of the carpometacarpal joint. It was described initially by Edward Hallaran Bennett in the late nineteenth century.The fracture is inherently unstable and requires adequate reduction and immobilization or fixation.Carpometacarpal joint is critical for pinching and opposition … [Read More...] about Bennett Fracture Causes, Presentation and Treatment

Rolando Fracture

Base of Thumb Fractures and Their Types

Base of thumb fractures are the extra-articular and intraarticular fractures of base of first metacarpal bone.Thumb is a highly important and efficient digit that makes the human hand highly efficient. An unusable thumb could mean a loss of 40% of hand function. Relevant Anatomy [Read complete hand anatomy]Thumb consists of two phalanges and a metacarpal. The metacarpal consists of a … [Read More...] about Base of Thumb Fractures and Their Types

Intra-articular Fracture of First Metacarpal Base With Subluxation Of First Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Thumb Injuries Types, Presentation and Treatment

Thumb injuries or fractures and dislocations are one of the common hand injuries. The term thumb injury includes all the injuries from the carpometacarpal joint to the tip of the thumb.There are various types of thumb injuries that come under fractures and dislocations of thumb. Nailbed and fingertip injuries are discussed separately.Thumb is an important organ and makes the human hand a … [Read More...] about Thumb Injuries Types, Presentation and Treatment

Thoracic muscles cause Pulled muscle in chest

Pulled Muscle in Chest – Presentation and Treatment

A pulled muscle in chest means a tear or injury in the muscles of the thoracic cage. Relevant Anatomy Thoracic cage is composedof 12 pairs of ribs and sternum.{read more about thoracic cage anatomy}The muscles of the thoracic cage areIntercostalsExternal Internal InnermostSubcostals Transversus thoracisAll of these muscles act to change the volume of … [Read More...] about Pulled Muscle in Chest – Presentation and Treatment

skier's thumb or gamekeeper's thumb

Skier’s thumb – Causes, Symptoms and Teatment

Terms Skier’s thumb and Gamekeeper’s thumb are used for injuries to the ulnar collateral ligament of first metacarpal joint. While Gamekeeper’s thumb was the older term, Skier’s thumb is used more commonly.Ulnar collateral ligament injury of the metacarpal joint was found earlier in people of Europe who wrung the neck of the game like chicken, rabbits, between index finger and thumb. It leads … [Read More...] about Skier’s thumb – Causes, Symptoms and Teatment

Jersey finger

Jersey Finger – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Jersey finger refers to the avulsion of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon off of its insertion at the volar aspect of the distal phalanx due to forced hyperextension of the distal interphalangeal joint.It is a type of zone I tendon injury.It is also called a sweater finger or rugby finger and typically occurs while grasping the jersey of an opponent who quickly pulls away. Relevant … [Read More...] about Jersey Finger – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

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antitubercular chemotherapy doses

Antitubercular Chemotherapy in Musculoskeletal Tuberculosis

Antitubercular chemotherapy is the mainstay of the treatment of osteoarticular tuberculosis. It is complemented by rest, nutritional support and splinting, as necessary. The drugs and regimens are fundamentally similar to those for pulmonary TB. But there is a lack of consensus on the appropriate duration of treatment. Overview of Osteoarticular Tuberculosis The spine is probably […]

Attachments on foot - plantar surface

Anatomy of Metatarsal Bones and Phalanges

Metatarsal Bones or Metatarsus There are five metatarsal bones in the foot which are numbered from medial to lateral side. Common Features of Metatarsal Bones Each metatarsal bone is a miniature long bone and has following parts Base Base is the proximal end of metatarsal bone and articulates with tarsal bones. It is set obliquely […]

Knee Arthrodesis with K-nail

Arthrodesis or Joint Fusion Surgery

Arthrodesis is a procedure of blocking the joint motion by performing a surgery on the joint. The arthrodesis for large joints is done less commonly now than before because of favorable joint motion preserving surgeries like arthroplasty but is a reasonable choice of treatment in case of small joints. Know more about indications and use of arthrodesis.

secondary hyperparathyroidism in kidney failure

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is the overproduction of parathyroid hormone secondary to a chronic abnormal stimulus for its production. In contrast to primary hyperparathyroidism, the parathyroid glands are not abnormal. In contrast, the primary hyperparathyroidism is due to unregulated secretion of parathyroid hormone and is not in response to any stimuli. But secondary hyperparathyroidism is due to […]

Fungal Arthritis Causes and Treatment

Fungal arthritis is an infection of a joint by a fungus. A normal person is quite resistant to fungal infection. Fungal infection is known to be an opportunistic infection. Alteration of human flora, disruption of mucocutaneous membranes and impairment of the immune system may predispose to the fungal infection. Fungi may enter the joint by […]

Palmar Aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum

Flexor Retinaculum of Hand and Foot

Flexor retinaculum of hand is a fibrous band that is present in the flexor aspect of wrist and flexor aspect of the ankle. Flexor retinaculum of the hand is also called transverse carpal ligament or anterior annular ligament. It is a strong, fibrous band, that arches over the wrist region and converts the deep groove […]

Ulnar gutter splint

Ulnar Gutter Splint Application Procedure

An ulnar gutter splint extends from the proximal forearm to distal interphalangeal joints of fingers on the ulnar aspect of fingers wrist and forearm and is applied for various injuries of the ulnar aspect of the wrist and hand. It is also called Boxer splint. The splint is applied on the ulnar aspect and conforms to […]

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Femoral Anteversion and Retroversion

Anteversion and Retroversion describe the relative rotation of an organ or part of it.Anteversion means rotated forwards (towards the front of the … [Read More...] about Femoral Anteversion and Retroversion

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