Anatomical Position of Human Body Anatomical position is the basic premise or central tenet, the very core on which all the details of anatomy are based.Thus, to understand the anatomy of the human body, the anatomical position has always to be remembered.The anatomical position of the human body isThe person standing erect and face forward. Arms are straight along the sides of … [Read More...] about Anatomical Position, Planes and Locations
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Anterior Knee Pain Scale- Use and Limitations
The anterior knee pain scale is a patient-reported assessment of symptoms and functional limitations in patellofemoral disorders. It was first published in 1993 by Kujala et al.The questions on the Kujala questionnaire add to total of100 points.Anterior knee pain results in significant symptoms and activity limitations. The anterior knee pain scale is a self-reporting tool. The other … [Read More...] about Anterior Knee Pain Scale- Use and Limitations
Lower Extremity Functional Scale – Method and Interpretation
Lower extremity functional scale is a test that consists of a questionnaire to evaluate the function of the lower limb in case of musculoskeletal condition or disorder. The test can be used to measure initial function, ongoing progress, and outcome.The lower extremity functional scale was developed in 1999 by Binkley et al. when they were evaluating a group of patients with musculoskeletal … [Read More...] about Lower Extremity Functional Scale – Method and Interpretation
Muscles of Pectoral Region – Anatomy and Clinical Significance
Muscles of pectoral region or pectoral muscles are the muscles that connect the front of the chest to the bones of shoulder and arm.The pectoral region refers to the anterior chest wall.They are commonly called as pecs. These muscles also provide shape to the chest and pectoral exercises are quite famous among bodybuilders.The following four muscles constitute the muscles of pectoral … [Read More...] about Muscles of Pectoral Region – Anatomy and Clinical Significance
Rolando Fracture – Presentation and Treatment
Rolando fracture is a three-part intraarticular fracture-dislocation of the base of the thumb. This is an unstable injury that requires surgical reduction and fixation. It is named after Silvio Rolando, an Italian surgeon who described it first. Relevant Anatomy, Mechanism of Injury and Pathophysiology The carpometacarpal joint is between the base of thumb and trapezium bone.The … [Read More...] about Rolando Fracture – Presentation and Treatment
Prolonged Sitting, Its Harmful Effects and Remedies
Prolonged sitting occupies most of our daily time both at home, office or transport. Human bodies are made for moving around as that is what we did for thousands of years. But rapidly developing technology has led to a sedentary life.Modernization of the offices and shifting of emphasis from paper to computer has also contributed to this. Office workers generally work in a sitting position for … [Read More...] about Prolonged Sitting, Its Harmful Effects and Remedies
Ergonomic Chair Features, Types and Uses
An ergonomic chair is a chair designed in the way it provides maximum comfort during sitting and properly supports the posture, weight and lumbar while sitting.Though design-wise, ergonomic chairs cater to a range of people, one may need to try more than one model to find a design that suits.Moreover, chairs may not suit every task or arrangement in a particular setup or workstation.A … [Read More...] about Ergonomic Chair Features, Types and Uses
Bennett Fracture Causes, Presentation and Treatment
Bennett fracture is an intraarticular fracture involving the base of the thumb and leading to a subluxation of the carpometacarpal joint. It was described initially by Edward Hallaran Bennett in the late nineteenth century.The fracture is inherently unstable and requires adequate reduction and immobilization or fixation.Carpometacarpal joint is critical for pinching and opposition … [Read More...] about Bennett Fracture Causes, Presentation and Treatment
Base of Thumb Fractures and Their Types
Base of thumb fractures are the extra-articular and intraarticular fractures of base of first metacarpal bone.Thumb is a highly important and efficient digit that makes the human hand highly efficient. An unusable thumb could mean a loss of 40% of hand function. Relevant Anatomy [Read complete hand anatomy]Thumb consists of two phalanges and a metacarpal. The metacarpal consists of a … [Read More...] about Base of Thumb Fractures and Their Types
Thumb Injuries Types, Presentation and Treatment
Thumb injuries or fractures and dislocations are one of the common hand injuries. The term thumb injury includes all the injuries from the carpometacarpal joint to the tip of the thumb.There are various types of thumb injuries that come under fractures and dislocations of thumb. Nailbed and fingertip injuries are discussed separately.Thumb is an important organ and makes the human hand a … [Read More...] about Thumb Injuries Types, Presentation and Treatment
Pulled Muscle in Chest – Presentation and Treatment
A pulled muscle in chest means a tear or injury in the muscles of the thoracic cage. Relevant Anatomy Thoracic cage is composedof 12 pairs of ribs and sternum.{read more about thoracic cage anatomy}The muscles of the thoracic cage areIntercostalsExternal Internal InnermostSubcostals Transversus thoracisAll of these muscles act to change the volume of … [Read More...] about Pulled Muscle in Chest – Presentation and Treatment
Skier’s thumb – Causes, Symptoms and Teatment
Terms Skier’s thumb and Gamekeeper’s thumb are used for injuries to the ulnar collateral ligament of first metacarpal joint. While Gamekeeper’s thumb was the older term, Skier’s thumb is used more commonly.Ulnar collateral ligament injury of the metacarpal joint was found earlier in people of Europe who wrung the neck of the game like chicken, rabbits, between index finger and thumb. It leads … [Read More...] about Skier’s thumb – Causes, Symptoms and Teatment
Jersey Finger – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
Jersey finger refers to the avulsion of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon off of its insertion at the volar aspect of the distal phalanx due to forced hyperextension of the distal interphalangeal joint.It is a type of zone I tendon injury.It is also called a sweater finger or rugby finger and typically occurs while grasping the jersey of an opponent who quickly pulls away. Relevant … [Read More...] about Jersey Finger – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
Bunion [Hallux Valgus]- Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
Bunion is a bony bump, often painful, enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint). Bunion is a foot deformity, usually associated with hallux valgus [hallux refers to the great toe, "valgus" refers to the abnormal angulation of the great toe], a deformity of the toe where big toe may turn in toward the second toe.This leads to … [Read More...] about Bunion [Hallux Valgus]- Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
Jammed Finger Causes, Symptoms and Remedy
A jammed finger is a popularly used term that refers to injuries around the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fingers. The term is not specific to a single injury but rather describes a group of injuries that are related to varying degrees of loading across the proximal interphalangeal joint due to jamming of the finger between two closeable opposing surfaces, most often in the doors.A … [Read More...] about Jammed Finger Causes, Symptoms and Remedy
Martin Gruber Anastomosis and Its Significance
Martin Gruber Anastomosis is the anatomic variant of ulnar nerve innervation where there is an anomalous pattern of innervation occurring between the median and ulnar nerves in the forearm.The crossover usually occurs between axons from the anterior interosseous nerve to the ulnar nerve in the forearm. Rarely, the crossover can occur between the main median nerve trunk and ulnar nerve.In … [Read More...] about Martin Gruber Anastomosis and Its Significance
Ulnar Neuropathy [Compressive] – Causes and Treatment
Ulnar neuropathy refers to compression of the ulnar nerve, a continuation of the medial cord of the brachial plexus and a mixed nerve that supplies muscles of the forearm, and skin over medial part of hand and digits.Ulnar neuropathy is the second most common entrapment neuropathy of the upper limb.There are various sites where ulnar nerve entrapment can occur. The most common is near the … [Read More...] about Ulnar Neuropathy [Compressive] – Causes and Treatment
Mallet Finger Injury Presentation and Treatment
Mallet finger is a finger deformity caused by disruption of the extensor tendon mechanism distal to the distal interphalangeal joint caused by a bony or tendon injuryIt is a common injury and occurs as a workplace injury or in sports. It commonly occurs in young to middle-aged males. It is also seen in older females.It is the most common closed tendon injury seen in athletes. Mallet … [Read More...] about Mallet Finger Injury Presentation and Treatment
Galeazzi Fracture Presentation and Treatment
Galeazzi fracture-dislocations is a fracture of the distal third of the radius with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint. The ulnar shaft is intact.A fracture of distal radius Galeazzi-equivalent fracture is a distal radial fracture with a distal ulnar physeal fracture 2.Most of these fractures are seen in children, with a peak incidence at age 9-12 years.Adult Galeazzi … [Read More...] about Galeazzi Fracture Presentation and Treatment
Monteggia Fracture Causes, Types, Presentation and Treatment
Monteggia fracture-dislocations consist of a fracture of the proximal 1/3 of the ulnar shaft with concomitant dislocation/instability of the radial head. Often the ulnar fracture is obvious but radial head dislocation may be subtle and prone to be overlooked.Therefore high injury of suspicion is required for correct diagnosis and it is important to view elbow and wrist joint in forearm bone … [Read More...] about Monteggia Fracture Causes, Types, Presentation and Treatment