Martin Gruber Anastomosis is the anatomic variant of ulnar nerve innervation where there is an anomalous pattern of innervation occurring between the median and ulnar nerves in the forearm.The crossover usually occurs between axons from the anterior interosseous nerve to the ulnar nerve in the forearm. Rarely, the crossover can occur between the main median nerve trunk and ulnar nerve.In … [Read More...] about Martin Gruber Anastomosis and Its Significance
Main Content
Ulnar Neuropathy [Compressive] – Causes and Treatment
Ulnar neuropathy refers to compression of the ulnar nerve, a continuation of the medial cord of the brachial plexus and a mixed nerve that supplies muscles of the forearm, and skin over medial part of hand and digits.Ulnar neuropathy is the second most common entrapment neuropathy of the upper limb.There are various sites where ulnar nerve entrapment can occur. The most common is near the … [Read More...] about Ulnar Neuropathy [Compressive] – Causes and Treatment
Mallet Finger Injury Presentation and Treatment
Mallet finger is a finger deformity caused by disruption of the extensor tendon mechanism distal to the distal interphalangeal joint caused by a bony or tendon injuryIt is a common injury and occurs as a workplace injury or in sports. It commonly occurs in young to middle-aged males. It is also seen in older females.It is the most common closed tendon injury seen in athletes. Mallet … [Read More...] about Mallet Finger Injury Presentation and Treatment
Galeazzi Fracture Presentation and Treatment
Galeazzi fracture-dislocations is a fracture of the distal third of the radius with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint. The ulnar shaft is intact.A fracture of distal radius Galeazzi-equivalent fracture is a distal radial fracture with a distal ulnar physeal fracture 2.Most of these fractures are seen in children, with a peak incidence at age 9-12 years.Adult Galeazzi … [Read More...] about Galeazzi Fracture Presentation and Treatment
Monteggia Fracture Causes, Types, Presentation and Treatment
Monteggia fracture-dislocations consist of a fracture of the proximal 1/3 of the ulnar shaft with concomitant dislocation/instability of the radial head. Often the ulnar fracture is obvious but radial head dislocation may be subtle and prone to be overlooked.Therefore high injury of suspicion is required for correct diagnosis and it is important to view elbow and wrist joint in forearm bone … [Read More...] about Monteggia Fracture Causes, Types, Presentation and Treatment
Ectrodactyly or Lobster Claw Hand (and Foot)
Ectrodactyly is a genetic disorder of skeletal anomaly resulting in the complete or partial absence of fingers or toes due to longitudinal deficiency.Webbing between fingers or toes (syndactyly) may occur giving hands and/or feet a claw-like appearance.The condition has a widely ranging severity and there are combinations of deformities that appear. The malformation may occur alone, or it … [Read More...] about Ectrodactyly or Lobster Claw Hand (and Foot)
Ulnar Nerve Anatomy, Course and Supply
The ulnar nerve, an extension of the medial cord of the brachial plexus, is a mixed nerve (both motor and sensory) that supplies hand muscles and medial aspect of the skin of the hand.The ulnar nerve and median nerve are responsible for the supply of flexor muscles and skin of the hand. These nerves are considered a pair, where median nerve supplies mainly forearm muscles and the ulnar nerve, … [Read More...] about Ulnar Nerve Anatomy, Course and Supply
Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome Features and Treatment
Ulnar tunnel syndrome is neuropathy [disease or dysfunction of nerve] of the ulnar nerve caused by compression in Guyon's canal or the ulnar canal or ulnar tunnel.Guyon’s canal is a longitudinal space in the wrist which allows passage of the ulnar artery and ulnar nerve into the hand. Guyon was a French Urologist who described this space in 1861.Ulnar tunnel syndrome is also known as … [Read More...] about Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome Features and Treatment
Seymour Fracture – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
The Seymour fracture is a physeal fracture of the distal phalanx with associated nail bed injury. Often there is associated subluxation of the nail (ungual subluxation).It is a mallet finger type injury.It is estimated that 20-30% of phalangeal fractures involve the physis in children. Physeal injuries of the middle finger are most common.Seymour fracture involves distal phalanx physis … [Read More...] about Seymour Fracture – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
Phalanx of Hand – Anatomy and Function
Phalanx [plural phalanges] is a tubular bone present in hand and foot and form digits [fingers and toes].In this article, we discuss the phalanges of the hand.There are five digits in each hand – four finger and one thumb.All fingers have three phalanges distal, middle and proximal.Thumb has only proximal and distal phalanx.Distal Phalanx The distal phalanx consists of the … [Read More...] about Phalanx of Hand – Anatomy and Function
Radioscapholunate Arthrodesis – Indications and Procedure
Radioscapholunate arthrodesis is a type of partial arthrodesis of the wrist which preserves some of the motion in the wrist joint.It is based on the observation that most activities of daily living can be accomplished with wrist motion in the range of 10° flexion, 35° extension, 10° radial deviation, and 15° ulnar deviation.Wrist arthroplasty can provide pain-free mobility but is not a … [Read More...] about Radioscapholunate Arthrodesis – Indications and Procedure
Sacral slope, Pelvic tilt and Pelvic Incidence
Sacral slope, pelvic tilt and pelvic incidence are pelvic parameters used in radiological assessment of the lumbosacral spine.With evolution came upright posture which brought the required changes in the spine and pelvis.The pelvis became broadened and vertical. There were changes in spinal curvature and muscular structures supporting the spine were substantially modified.The pelvis … [Read More...] about Sacral slope, Pelvic tilt and Pelvic Incidence
Four Corner Arthrodesis [Fusion] of the Wrist
Four corner arthrodesis involves excision of scaphoid and fusion of the remaining wrist bones in neutral alignment. It is motion preserving limited arthrodesis and provides pain relief and improved grip strength.This four corner arthrodesis is based on the principle that the radiolunate articulation is often spared from degenerative changes from conditions.IndicationsSLAC wrist … [Read More...] about Four Corner Arthrodesis [Fusion] of the Wrist
Flexor Retinaculum of Hand and Foot
Flexor retinaculum of hand is a fibrous band that is present in the flexor aspect of wrist and flexor aspect of the ankle.Flexor retinaculum of the hand is also called transverse carpal ligament or anterior annular ligament.It is a strong, fibrous band, that arches over the wrist region and converts the deep groove on the front of the carpal bones into a tunnel. This tunnel is also called … [Read More...] about Flexor Retinaculum of Hand and Foot
Idiopathic Scoliosis – Types, Presentation and Treatment
Idiopathic scoliosis is the lateral deviation deformity of the spine where the cause is not known. Because there is also a vertebral rotation and not just deviation, the term rotoscoliosis is also used to describe the deformity.Idiopathic signifies that it is not secondary or due to some deformity and other secondary causes. On plain radiographs, scoliosis is defined as greater than 10 … [Read More...] about Idiopathic Scoliosis – Types, Presentation and Treatment
Risser Sign and Its Use in Scoliosis
The Risser sign, also called Risser index or Risser classification is a system used to assess and grade skeletal maturity based on the level of ossification and fusion of the iliac crest apophyses.The apophyses (singular: apophysis) are the normal bony outgrowths which have separate ossification centers and eventually fuse with the bone in time. Iliac crest and greater trochanter are examples … [Read More...] about Risser Sign and Its Use in Scoliosis
Lenke Classification System for Scoliosis
Lenke classification is a comprehensive radiographic classification of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis named after Dr Lawrence Lenke who was instrumental in devising it.Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is the most common types of scoliosis encountered.Though originally intended to be include factors in 3 planes, it eventually included two saggital and coronal plane.The classification … [Read More...] about Lenke Classification System for Scoliosis
Classification of Scoliosis Curves
Scoiliotic curves can be classified by many approaches. We are describing two mainly used methods for classification of scoliosis curves.These classifications are named as Ponseti and Friedman, and Kings’s classification of scoliosis curves.Scoliosis, as we know, is of non-idiopathic and idiopathic types. Neuromuscular and degenerative scoliosis are types of non-idiopathic … [Read More...] about Classification of Scoliosis Curves
Osteon or Haversian System and Its Significance
The osteon is the basic building block and fundamental functional unit of compact bone.It is also called a Haversian system, named after Clopton Havers, an English physician who worked extensively on the microstructure of the bone.Structurally, osteons are roughly cylindrical structures which are several millimeters long and around 0.2 mm in diameter. Structure of Osteon or Haversian … [Read More...] about Osteon or Haversian System and Its Significance
Anatomical Snuffbox Anatomy and Significance
The anatomical snuffbox is a triangular deepening on the dorsoradial aspect of the hand at the level of the carpal bones.It is visible with ulnar deviation of the wrist and extension and abduction of the thumb.The name snuffbox is derived because this depression was used as a means of placement for the inhalation of powdered tobacco.The anatomical snuffbox is an anatomical landmark, to … [Read More...] about Anatomical Snuffbox Anatomy and Significance