Scapular dyskinesis is a term that denotes loss of control of normal scapular motion, physiology or mechanics. It is also called sometimes as scapular dyskinesia but dyskinesis is said to be a better term as dyskinesia is applied to abnormal active movements mediated by neurological factors e.g. tardive dyskinesia. Dyskinesis is a finding in the examination […]
Basics
Normal Scapulohumeral Rhythm and Its Significance
Scapulohumeral rhythm is the interplay between the scapula and the humerus during motion of the shoulder. There is a definitive pattern of interaction of scapula and humerus when contributing to the motion of the shoulder. Scapulohumeral rhythm is also called glenohumeral rhythm. Optimal function of the shoulder is reliant on the coordinated movement of the […]
Antiseptics and Disinfectants – Types and Uses
Antiseptics and disinfectants are nonselective, anti-infective agents that are applied topically. In general, antiseptics are applied on tissues to suppress or prevent microbial infection. Disinfectants are germicidal compounds usually applied to inanimate surfaces. Both can be covered by the more general term, biocide. Sometimes the same compound may act as an antiseptic and a disinfectant, […]
Normal Alignment of Lower Limb – Axes, Joint Orientation and Angles
To understand the deformities of lower limb, it is important to grasp and establish the parameters defining normal alignment. The alignment of the lower limb is governed by arrangement of femur, tibia, hip, knee, and ankle. To understand it netter the complex three-dimensional shapes of bones and joints can be simplified to basic line drawings […]
Meniscofemoral ligaments – Humphery and Wisberg Ligaments
Meniscofemoral ligaments are straight bands of collagen that attach to the posterior horn of lateral meniscus and lateral part of medial femoral condyle. While some consider them one ligament with two bands others consider them as two distinct ligaments. These ligaments are named based on their location in relation to the posterior cruciate ligament. The […]
Normal Biomechanics of Knee
Knee allows locomotion with minimum energy requirements from the muscles and stability for accommodating for different terrains. The knee joint has biomechanical roles in allowing gait by flexing and rotating and at the same time, provides stability during the activities of daily life. It shortens and extends lower limb as required and transmits forces across […]
Q Angle Measurement and Significance
Q angle is the angle formed by a line drawn from the antosuprior iliac spine to central patella and a second line drawn from central patella to tibial tubercle Patellofemoral joint biomechanics is influenced by the direction and magnitude of force exerted by quadriceps muscle. In normal knee, the line of force exerted by the […]
Tension Band Principle and Its Applications
Tension band principle was given by Pauwel. Tension band converts tensile forces to compression forces on the convex side of an eccentrically loaded bone. This is accomplished by placing a tension band (bone plate or wire loops) across the fracture on the tension (or convex) side of the bone to convert tension forces into compressive […]
Phosphorus Metabolism
Phosphorus in body is present in organic and inorganic forms of phosphorus. Apart from ionic form, phosphorus participates in activities in form of phosphate salts. Phosphorus is present as phosphate, and these two terms are commonly used interchangeably. Phosphorus metabolism regulates serum phosphate levels. Like calcium, the regulation of phosphate balance is by intestinal absorption, […]
Calcium Homeostasis – Physiology and Disorders
Calcium homeostasis refers to the regulation of the concentration of calcium ions in the extracellular fluid. An adult body contains about one kilogram of calcium. It is fifth most abundant element in the human body. Calcium takes part in a wide range of biologic functions including bone mineralization and. Calcium is mainly provided by diet […]