The term cold abscess refers to an abscess [An Abscess is a collection of liquefied tissue(pus) in the body] where typical signs of abscess [warmth, redness, tenderness,] are absent. The prefix cold indicates that the abscess is not hot because that is the usual case. Thus a cold abscess is not accompanied by the classical […]
Clinical Evaluation
Ankle Pain Causes and Treatment
Ankle pain can originate in ankle joint or surrounding tissues. The ankle joint is a weight-bearing hinged joint and ankle pain can be caused by injury or disease of the ankle joint or surrounding tissues. The present article is a general overview of causes and treatment of ankle pain. Relevant Anatomy [Read detailed anatomy of […]
Lumbosacral Plexopathy – Causes and Management
Lumbosacral plexopathy is an injury to the nerves in the lumbar or sacral plexus. Lumbosacral plexopathy can be caused by many disorders. The prevalence of lumbosacral plexopathies is unknown and is much less common than brachial plexopathies. Risk factors vary based on cause. Relevant Anatomy The lumbar and sacral plexuses together make lumbosacral plexus which […]
Thoracolumbar Junction and TLTV
Thoracolumbar junction is the junction between the Thoracic spine and the Lumbar spine. The junction consists of the part of the vertebral column from the eleventh thoracic vertebra to the first lumbar vertebra. Here the spinal curvature changes from kyphosis to lordosis, and the orientation of the facet joints changes from coronal to sagittal. 12th […]
Immune Response to Orthopedic Implants
Immune response to orthopedic hardware after implantation could be due to metal sensitivity or against other components, usually of bone cement. The condition though rare, metal hypersensitivity should be considered. In cases of recurrent pain and aseptic loosening related to implanted hardware. The first report of cutaneous hypersensitivity caused by a metallic orthopedic implant was […]
Neurogenic Claudication – Risks, Pathophysiology and Treatment
Neurogenic claudication, also called pseudoclaudication, is a common symptom of lumbar spinal stenosis due to causing impingement or inflammation of the spinal nerves Claudication refers to an impairment in walking or pain, discomfort, numbness, or tiredness in the legs that occurs during walking or standing and is relieved by rest. The word claudication comes from the Latin claudicare meaning ‘to limp’. Thus, it is […]
Allen Test – Details and Uses
Allen Test is done to check the patency of radial and ulnar arteries. This important test has many uses in clinical practice. One of the common use is before drawing the arterial blood gas to determine if both vessels are patent.
Genu Recurvatum or Knee Hyperextension
Genu recurvatum is a deformity in the knee where the knee angulates backwards because of hyperextension occurs in the tibiofemoral joint [the knee goes further into extension beyond the neutral] Genu recurvatum is also called knee hyperextension and back knee. Depending upon hyperextension, the recurvatum could be mild, moderate or severe. The normal range of motion of the knee joint is from […]
Patellar Instability – Causes, Presentation and Treatment
Patellar instability or Patellofemoral instability is a frequent cause of symptoms of anterior knee pain and episodes of mechanical instability. It is also called patellar subluxation syndrome. There is a difference between symptoms of instability and patellar dislocation, though the former may cause the latter to happen. The term can denote a sign on physical examination or […]
Normal Alignment of Lower Limb – Axes and Orientation
To understand the deformities of the lower limb, it is important to grasp and establish the parameters defining normal alignment. The normal alignment of lower limb is governed by the arrangement of the femur, tibia, hip, knee, and ankle. To understand it better, the complex three-dimensional shapes of bones and joints can be simplified to basic […]