Bent spine syndrome is also called camptocormia. The word camptocormia originates from Greek words [Camptos (bent)+Kormos (trunk)]. The word camptocormia was used for the first time by Souques and Rosanoff in 1915 in France. Camptocormia [or bent spine syndrome] is defined as an abnormal flexion of the trunk, appearing in standing position, increasing during walking and disappearing in the supine position.
Interestingly, spine syndrome was initially considered, as a psychogenic disorder.
But now it has been established that apart from being a syndrome of psychiatric origin, many cases of bent spine syndrome origin from actual physical causes. Most of these causes originate from muscular diseases out which late-onset primary idiopathic axial myopathy has been implicated.
The weakness of the paravertebral muscles can be secondary to diseases affecting the muscular tissue. Camptocormia can be the predominant and sometimes revealing symptom of a more generalized muscular disorder.
Why Does Bent Spine Syndrome Occur?
In standing position, the motion segments of vertebrae are subjected to a forward bending moment which must be counterbalanced by the erector spinal muscles. When erector spinae muscles are weak or insufficient, the equilibrium between postural dorsal and abdominal muscles is disturbed, leading to a forward bending of the trunk.
On lying down the dynamics of equilibrium changes and the deformity gets corrected.
Bent spine syndrome can be due to either of following
Primary
It is due to idiopathic muscular weakness in erector spinae [Axial myopathy]. The weakness of the paravertebral muscles leads to degradation of the muscular tissues, independently of their innervation. Primary bent spine syndrome is the most common variety encountered.
Secondary
Following causes have been associated with the secondary bent spine syndrome
Dystrophy
- Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy
- Extensive fascio-scapulo-humeral dystrophy
Neuromuscular disorders
- Myotonic muscular dystrophy
- Steinert disease
Inflammatory
- Focal myositis
- Dermatomyositis
- Polymyositis
Endocrine-metabolic
- Hypothyroidism
- Osteomalacia
- Steroid-induced
- Amyloidosis
Mitochondrial myopathies
- Carnitine palmityl-transferase deficiency
- Respiratory chain complexes deficiency
Diagnosis of Bent Spine Syndrome
These various causes of secondary BSS must be systematically searched for when faced with an axial myopathy. Clinical examination and laboratory investigations are carried out to reach a diagnosis. From here on the discussion would be limited to diagnosis of primary bent spine syndrome.
Radio Imaging
Radiography would help to rule out any fixed spinal deformities.
CT scan in primary bent spine syndrome including dorsal and lumbar sections of the paravertebral muscles is the most useful diagnostic tool. Characteristic findings are
- A normal paraspinal outline
- A normal volume of the muscles, which appear less dense, with loss of substance related to a massive fatty infiltration
In neurogenic atrophy, the muscle volume decreases, but the density of tissue remains normal.
MRI examination also shows a similar selective and marked fatty involvement of the paravertebral muscles. Also noted are the rarefaction of muscles fasciculi.
Lab Investigations
The laboratory studies are usually normal. Serum creatine kinase concentration is increased in some cases
No immunologic abnormalities are found. Electromyography findings reveal a low amplitude pattern
EMG of the lower limbs, as well as conduction velocities, is usually normal.
Muscle Biopsy
Muscle biopsy reveals a myopathic pattern showing e disorganization of the normal architecture with the replacement of variable intensity of the muscular tissue by fibrosis and fatty infiltration. There is a marked diminution of the number of fibers with variation in fiber size.
Bent spine has also been associated as a sign in a few neurological diseases including motor neuron disorders and movement and central nervous disorders like parkinsonism, axial dystonia and these should be ruled out.
Treatment
There is no specific drug treatment for primary bent spine syndrome. The treatment includes symptomatic treatment for back pain, treatment of osteoporosis in elderly to prevent osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Good nutrition, weight control, physiotherapy, massage, exercises, and passive motion are an important part of the general manager.
Appropriate lightweight orthoses [braces] can help in the ambulation.
In the case of secondary bent spine syndrome, the treatable causes such as hypothyroidism should be treated.
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