• Skip to main content
  • Skip to primary sidebar
  • Skip to footer
  • General Ortho
  • Procedures
  • Spine
  • Upper Limb
  • Lower Limb
  • Pain
  • Trauma
  • Tumors
  • Newsletter/Updates
  • About Us
  • Contact Us

Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

Cervical Orthoses – Collars and Post Appliances

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

In this article
    • How Effective is Cervical Orthosis
    • Prefabricated Cervical Orthoses
      • Flexion-extension ( F-E) Control Orthoses
      • Flexion-Extension and Rotary (F-E-R) Control Orthoses
    • Post Appliances
    • Custom-Molded Appliances

Cervical orthoses could be prefabricated or custom made.

Prefabricated cervical orthoses are of two basic types: collars and post appliances.

There are a lot of other custom made designs.

Apart from serving a reminder to the wearer to restrict head and neck motions,  depending on design and fit, a particular orthosis  may impose forces to position the head, limit  flexion, extension, rotation, and/or lateral motion of the head and cervical spine, and reduce load on the cervical spine by supporting a portion of the weight of the head.

How Effective is Cervical Orthosis

The ability of cervical orthoses to control motion varies greatly. For example, at one end of the scale is the soft collar, which provides only slight mechanical restraint, while at the other end are custom-molded and halo-type orthoses that provide marked restriction of motion in all directions. Other appliances fall in between the two extremes.

Prefabricated Cervical Orthoses

Flexion-extension ( F-E) Control Orthoses

Basic Collars

Collars are devices that wrap around the neck and are adjustable circumferentially. The basic collars may have provision for height adjustment, be single or multiple layered, and of variable firmness. Materials used include resilient polyethylene foam, sponge rubber, and felt, as well as rigid polyethylene sheeting. Collars are usually prefabricated, although custom-made versions can be prescribed.

Depending on the type of material used, the collars could be labeled as soft or hard collars.

Collar provide some mechanical restriction of forward flexion and extension and, to a lesser degree, lateral flexion and rotation. They remind the wearer to limit head and neck motions. They also retain body heat, which may aid the healing of soft-tissue injuries and reduce muscle spasm.

soft cervical collar

Collars are usually used for soft-tissue injury and/or arthritic changes.

Cervical foraminae open in flexion and close in extension, the collar is fitted high in the back so that it fits well under the occiput, in order to increase resistance to extension or hyperextension. For greater control, a mandibular support may be added to the rigid collar.

Prefabricated collars may be difficult to fit comfortably. Such problems can be solved usually by custom fabrication of a collar.

Philadelphia Collar

Philadelphia Collar

It offers more control of motion, as compared to the basic collar.

Prefabricated of polyethylene foam with rigid anterior and posterior plastic strips, this device covers more of the head and neck than basic collars. The Philadelphia Collar terminates superiorly over the mandible and at the occiput. Its lower border is at the proximal thorax.

Apart from being a reminder to limit neck motion, the reinforcement provided by the anterior and posterior plastic strips enables this orthosis to provide a greater restriction to cervical flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral bending than that provided by soft collars.

The anterior and posterior plastic reinforcing strips permit more selective adjustment of head position than that provided by soft collar.

Flexion-Extension and Rotary (F-E-R) Control Orthoses

Sterno-Occipital-Mandibular-immobilizer ( SOMI)

This orthosis is a post type device but unique in that the uprights which maintain the position of the occipital support arise anteriorly from a sternal plate. Because of this arrangement, the SOMI can easily be applied to the supine patient and permits the wearer to lie on his back comfortably.

The single anterior upright, with its attached mandibular support, can be quickly and easily removed from the sternal plate. This also allows the patient to eat, wash, or shave while remaining in a supine, semi immobilized position.

The SOMI provides approximately the same control of cervical flexion and rotation as do other post appliances, although control of cervical extension and lateral bending is significantly less.

Modified SOMI

A  prefabricated polyethylene and Dacron skull strap, can be substituted for the mandibular support. The strap, which allows the patient to chew, yet provides some flexion control, snaps onto the occipital support and encircles the upper skull. it is used primarily to permit eating and not as the definitive treatment.

Fixtures are available to enable the SOMI to be attached to a custom-made spinal jacket, thus increasing overall orthotic control of the vertebral column.

Post Appliances

Post appliances have an anterior section consisting of a sternal plate, one or two uprights, and a mandibular support, as well as a posterior section consisting of an interscapular plate, One or two uprights, and an occipital support.

A four-post appliance, although slightly bulkier than one with fewer posts, provides somewhat better control of lateral motion. The anterior and posterior sections are usually connected by straps between the mandibular and occipital supports and by shoulder straps between the interscapular and sternal plates.

Axillary straps from the sternal to the interscapular plate may be added to increase the stability of the orthosis. The uprights are adjustable for height. The angular position of plates can be adjusted by means of the swivel attachments between uprights and plates. The orthosis is commonly prefabricated of aluminum with plastic or leather padding of the parts which contact the body.

A post appliance restricts flexion and extension of the head and cervical spine by forces applied under the mandible and occiput.

It limits lateral flexion and rotation by forces at the mandibular and occipital supports.  Adjustment of lengths of uprights can relieve the cervical spine of some portion of the weight of the head.

If a post orthosis cannot be tolerated, the same functions can be provided (to a lesser degree) by adding mandibular and occipital supports to a rigid collar

For greater motion control, adding a custom-made rigid attachment between the mandibular and occipital supports and by increasing the superior contact areas with a large, custom-molded mandibular support.

Extending the thoracic section further downward can improve fixation controls cervical flexion and extension better than or orthoses that cover only the uppermost trunk.

Custom-Molded Appliances

Custom-molded appliances are designed to markedly restrict all neck motions and can also restrict thoracic motion to varying degrees, depending on the extent of their downward extension on the thorax.

Those that extend distally beyond the upper thorax are classified as cervicothoracic orthoses. These custom-molded orthoses may be made of high-temperature thermoplastic or leather formed over a modified plaster model of the patient’s skull and torso, or low-temperature thermoplastic formed directly on the patient.

It Applies stabilizing forces under and around the chin and occiput to restrict flexion and extension, lateral motion, and rotation of the head and cervical spine.

It positions the head and relieves the cervical spine from a portion of the weight of the head.

It may limit thoracic motion to varying degrees.

Cuirass Type

The cuirass type ) extends superiorly over the chin, mandible, and occiput.

Its lower limits may terminate about one inch above the inferior angles of the scapulae or may continue further downward to the interior costal margin, depending on the degree of control required.

Minerva Type

Minerva Brace
Image Credit: mattle.ch/upload/Minerva.jpg

It encloses the entire posterior skull and includes a band around the forehead, extends downward to the inferior costal margin or, if greater control of cervical and thoracic motion is indicated, it may terminate in a pelvic girdle.

Halo type

halo vest for cervical immobilization

The halo assembly provides the greatest control of all cervical appliances. The basic components of this orthosis are the halo ring, distraction rods, shoulder bars, and a distal fixation component. The halo encircles the skull and is secured in place by fixation pins that penetrate several millimeters into the skull. The upper and lower ends of the length-adjustable distraction rods are attached, respectively, to the halo and to the shoulder bars which, in turn, are attached to a distal fixation component which may be a vest, body jacket, pelvic girdle, pelvic hoop, or femoral transfixing pins.

It is able to rigidly fix the head with respect to the thorax.

Provides distracting force that aids in spinal stabilization and in reducing the load of the head on the cervical spine.

Amount of axial load reduction depends on the upward force applied to the head by the distraction rods.

Spread the Knowledge
  • 8
    Shares
  •  
    8
    Shares
  •  
  • 8
  •  
  •  
  •  

Filed Under: Spine

About Dr Arun Pal Singh

Arun Pal Singh is an orthopedic and trauma surgeon, founder and chief editor of this website. He works in Kanwar Bone and Spine Clinic, Dasuya, Hoshiarpur, Punjab.

This website is an effort to educate and support people and medical personnel on orthopedic issues and musculoskeletal health.

You can follow him on Facebook, Linkedin and Twitter

Primary Sidebar

Philips Head Screw

Bone Screws Used in Orthopedics

Bone screws have been used to fix the bony fragments since the middle of the nineteenth century.  It must be noted that bone screws follow mechanical principles similar to other commonly used screws. The screw is a cylinder with spiral threads running on its outer surface which converts torsional forces into compression. Screws can be […]

Plantar Fascia Anatomy

Plantar Fasciitis – Causes and Treatment

Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of heel pain and occurs due to degenerative changes at the insertion of the plantar fascia on calcaneal tuberosity. The plantar fascia is the most common cause of heel pain for which professional help is sought. A heel spur is commonly found in plantar fasciitis patients, but many asymptomatic […]

Lumbar Spondylosis

Lumbar Spondylosis – Causes, Presentation and Treatment

Lumbar spondylosis is a type of spondylosis that occurs in the lumbar spine. Lumbar spondylosis as a term refers to degenerative conditions affecting the discs, vertebral bodies, and/or associated joints of the lumbar spine. Spondylosis deformans and lumbar osteoarthritis are other names of lumbar spondylosis. Lumbar spondylosis includes many associated pathologies including spinal stenosis, degenerative […]

bilateral knee osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

Osteoarthritis, the most common joint disease is a heterogeneous group of conditions resulting in common tissue and radiological changes. Conventionally labeled as degenerative disorder due to excessive wear and tear, currently, osteoarthritis is thought to involve not only cartilage but also the entire joint organ, including the subchondral bone and synovium. Abnormal mechanics and inflammation […]

Bertolotti syndrome is caused by lumbosacral transitional vertebra.

Bertolotti Syndrome – Causes and Treatment

Bertolotti syndrome is the presence of a variation of the fifth lumbar vertebra with a large transverse process, either articulated or fused with the sacral basis or iliac crest, producing a chronic, persistent lower back pain. It may also cause isolated L4/5 disc disease. Bertolotti described a unilateral and bilateral enlargement of the transverse process […]

eight plate fixation, taken form orthofix pdf

Eight Plate System for Epiphysiodesis

The Eight-figure plate or eight plate system or simply eight plate consists of the 2-holes plate and the 2 self-tapping screws and is used for control and correction of angular deformities like genu valgum or varus by a performing epiphysiodesis. Blount staples are the traditional most common implant used for hemiepiphysiodesis. This aims at stopping […]

Transitional Vertebra Definition and Types

Transitional vertebra at any junction is characterized by features retained from two adjacent regions in the vertebral column. For example in the lumbosacral transitional vertebra, there is an L5 vertebra can become like S1 vertebra or S1 can leave the sacrum and become L6. As we know from our knowledge of the anatomy of the […]

Browse Articles

Footer

Pages

  • About
    • Policies
    • Contact Us

Featured Article

Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries and Their Treatment

Acromioclavicular joint injuries are also known as shoulder separations, acromioclavicular joint separation or acromioclavicular joint dislocation and … [Read More...] about Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries and Their Treatment

Search Articles

© Copyright: BoneAndSpine.com