General Ortho

A neuron is a nerve cell. A motor neuron is nerve cell that controls movements of the muscle. Depending on their location and function, neurons are classified as upper motor neuron or lower motor neuron is a neuron. [More on this in anatomy] Broadly speaking, upper motor neurons originate in brain and lower motor neurons […]

Fat embolism syndrome occurs due to refers to the passage of fat globules in the lung parenchyma and peripheral circulation. and causing serious consequences resulting in a distinct pattern of clinical symptoms and signs. It is important to differentiate between fat emboli, fat embolism, and fat embolism syndrome. Fat Emboli refers to the fat droplets that […]

Myositis ossificans  or heterotopic ossification is extra-skeletal ossification that occurs in muscles & other soft tissues. It affects the function of the normal soft tissues around bones and joints. Cases of heterotopic ossification causing ankylosis have been reported. The term myositis ossificans is somewhat misleading. The condition is characterized by fibrous, bony and cartilaginous proliferation […]

Intramedullary nailing of the bone involves the use of an intramedullary nail or rod to fix the fractured bone. It is called intramedullary nailing because a metal rod forced into the medullary cavity of a bone to fix the fractures. Intramedullary nailing is commonly used to fix the long bone fractures. As of today, there […]

Different types of orthopedics splints are used for management of various musculoskeletal conditions. Orthopedic splints are noncircumferential immobilizers. That means they do not cover the limb they splint circumferentially, unlike cast. Because of being non-circumferential, they can accommodate the swelling that might arise after the injury. In this sense, they are more forgiving and safer […]

An external fixator is a useful tool in the management of fractures and certain difficult orthopedic problems such as limb length discrepancy. External fixation a useful tool in fracture management and in the case of pelvic fracture it may be a primary life-saving device With external fixation, pins and/or wires are percutaneously inserted into the […]

Phosphorus in body is present in organic and inorganic forms of phosphorus. Apart from ionic form, phosphorus participates in activities in form of phosphate salts. Phosphorus is present as phosphate, and these two terms are commonly used interchangeably. Phosphorus metabolism regulates serum phosphate levels. Like calcium, the regulation of phosphate balance is by intestinal absorption, […]

Calcium homeostasis refers to the regulation of the concentration of calcium ions in the extracellular fluid. An adult body contains about one kilogram of calcium. It is the fifth most abundant element in the human body. Calcium takes part in a wide range of biologic functions including bone mineralization and. Calcium is mainly provided by […]

Bone screws have been used to fix the bony fragments since the middle of the nineteenth century.  It must be noted that bone screws follow mechanical principles similar to other commonly used screws. The screw is a cylinder with spiral threads running on its outer surface which converts torsional forces into compression. Screws can be […]

Nail Patella syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition characterized abnormalities of the nails, knees, elbows, and pelvis. The features vary in severity from individual to individual, even among members of the same family. The classical description is of a tetrad of nail dysplasia, patellar aplasia-hypoplasia, elbow joint dysplasia, and iliac horns. Nail abnormalities are seen […]