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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

General Ortho

Upper Motor Neuron and Lower Motor Neuron Syndromes

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Difference between upper an dlower motor neuron lesions

A neuron is a nerve cell. A motor neuron is nerve cell that controls movements of the muscle. Depending on their location and function, neurons are classified as upper motor neuron or lower motor neuron is a neuron. [More on this in anatomy] Broadly speaking, upper motor neurons originate in brain and lower motor neurons […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

Fat Embolism Syndrome

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Fat Embolism Syndrome

Fat embolism syndrome occurs due to refers to the passage of fat globules in the lung parenchyma and peripheral circulation. and causing serious consequences resulting in a distinct pattern of clinical symptoms and signs. It is important to differentiate between fat emboli, fat embolism, and fat embolism syndrome. Fat Emboli refers to the fat droplets that […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

Heterotopic Ossification or Myositis Ossificans

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Heterotopic ossification, Radiopaedia

Myositis ossificans  or heterotopic ossification is extra-skeletal ossification that occurs in muscles & other soft tissues. It affects the function of the normal soft tissues around bones and joints. Cases of heterotopic ossification causing ankylosis have been reported. The term myositis ossificans is somewhat misleading. The condition is characterized by fibrous, bony and cartilaginous proliferation […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

Intramedullary Nailing of Fractures

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

A femoral nail with dynamic and static proximal locks

Intramedullary nailing of the bone involves the use of an intramedullary nail or rod to fix the fractured bone. It is called intramedullary nailing because a metal rod forced into the medullary cavity of a bone to fix the fractures. Intramedullary nailing is commonly used to fix the long bone fractures. As of today, there […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

Orthopedic Splints – Principles, Types and Use

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Short arm plaster is a type of splint

Different types of orthopedics splints are used for management of various musculoskeletal conditions. Orthopedic splints are noncircumferential immobilizers. That means they do not cover the limb they splint circumferentially, unlike cast. Because of being non-circumferential, they can accommodate the swelling that might arise after the injury. In this sense, they are more forgiving and safer […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

External Fixators – Concept and Use

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

External Fixator Applied To Tibia

An external fixator is a useful tool in the management of fractures and certain difficult orthopedic problems such as limb length discrepancy. External fixation a useful tool in fracture management and in the case of pelvic fracture it may be a primary life-saving device With external fixation, pins and/or wires are percutaneously inserted into the […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

Phosphorus Metabolism

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Phosphorus Metabolism

Phosphorus in body is present in organic and inorganic forms of phosphorus. Apart from ionic form, phosphorus participates in activities in form of phosphate salts. Phosphorus is present as phosphate, and these two terms are commonly used interchangeably. Phosphorus metabolism regulates serum phosphate levels. Like calcium, the regulation of phosphate balance is by intestinal absorption, […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

Calcium Homeostasis – Physiology and Disorders

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Calcium Homeostasis is complexely egulated

Calcium homeostasis refers to the regulation of the concentration of calcium ions in the extracellular fluid. An adult body contains about one kilogram of calcium. It is the fifth most abundant element in the human body. Calcium takes part in a wide range of biologic functions including bone mineralization and. Calcium is mainly provided by […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

Bone Screws Used in Orthopedics

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Philips Head Screw

Bone screws have been used to fix the bony fragments since the middle of the nineteenth century.  It must be noted that bone screws follow mechanical principles similar to other commonly used screws. The screw is a cylinder with spiral threads running on its outer surface which converts torsional forces into compression. Screws can be […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

Nail Patella Syndrome

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Dystrophic nail in nail patella syndrome

Nail Patella syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition characterized abnormalities of the nails, knees, elbows, and pelvis. The features vary in severity from individual to individual, even among members of the same family. The classical description is of a tetrad of nail dysplasia, patellar aplasia-hypoplasia, elbow joint dysplasia, and iliac horns. Nail abnormalities are seen […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

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Primary Sidebar

Cobb Angle

Cobb Angle – Measurement, Significance and Limitations

Cobb angle is used to measure spinal deformity. The original Cobb angle was used to measure lateral curve severity in scoliosis but also has subsequently been adapted to classify deformity in kyphosis. For evaluation of curves in scoliosis, an anteroposterior radiograph is used. Scolioisis is defined as Cobb angle more than 10 degrees. Relevant Terms […]

anterior knee pain scale

Anterior Knee Pain Scale- Use and Limitations

The anterior knee pain scale is a patient-reported assessment of symptoms and functional limitations in patellofemoral disorders. It was first published in 1993 by Kujala et al. The questions on the Kujala questionnaire add to total of100 points. Anterior knee pain results in significant symptoms and activity limitations. The anterior knee pain scale is a […]

Fracture of scaphoid

Wrist Biomechanics and Mechanism of Wrist Injuries

Wrist biomechanics and function of the human wrist joint are unique. The wrist joint is a diarthrodial joint composed of two rows of carpal bones. The proximal row articulates with the distal articular surface of the radius, which consists of the scaphoid fossa and the lunate, fossa. The distal surface of the scaphoid, lunate, and […]

Man with genu valgum following knee injury

Genu Valgum Causes, Evaluation and Treatment

The term genu valgum or valgus knee is used to describe knock-knee deformity. Knock-knee deformity is commonly seen as-as a passing trait in otherwise healthy children but some individuals retain or develop this deformity due to hereditary, metabolic or other causes. As genu valgum is a normal physiologic process in children, therefore it is critical […]

halo vest for cervical immobilization

What Is Halo Vest?

Halo vest consists of a halo and vest. Halo is a ring that encircles the head and is fixed to it by means of pins that are inserted in the head. It is also known as “halo ring” or “halo crown,”. Halo vest is used in the management of cervical spine diseases where spine needs […]

Subtrochanteric Fracture of Femur

Proximal Femur Fractures – Presentation and Treatment Approaches

Proximal femur fractures are fractures that occur in the femur in the hip region. These fractures are further divided into different subsets depending on the specific site involved. Proximal femur fractures tend to occur in two populations – in older patients where these result from low energy trauma in osteoporotic bones and in younger patients […]

arthrogryposis image from wiki public domain

Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita is a congenital deformity affecting the extremities, characterized by marked muscular wasting the loss of mass, increased fibrous tissue around the joints, and therefore disturbance of mobility and various characteristic deformities. Bone changes are usually secondary to the overlying soft tissue changes, as well as to the changes which have taken place […]

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Bone Screws Used in Orthopedics

Bone screws have been used to fix the bony fragments since the middle of the nineteenth century.  It must be noted that bone screws follow mechanical … [Read More...] about Bone Screws Used in Orthopedics

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