The knee joint is a modified hinge joint (ginglymus). The knee joint is not a very stable joint. Knee range of motion is through following movements- Flexion Extension Medial rotation Lateral rotation The femur and lateral meniscus move over the tibia during rotation, while the femur rolls and glides over both menisci during extension-flexion. Thus […]
General Ortho
Endochondral Ossification and Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossifications are two types of ossification, process that results in the formation of bone tissue.
The two types of ossifications differ in the way new bone is formed.
In endochondral ossification, a cartilage is formed as a precursor on which new bone is laid down.
Intramembranous ossification is the direct laying down of bone into the primitive connective tissue (mesenchyme) and there is no intermediate cartilage involved.
Erosive Osteoarthritis Causes and Treatment
An erosive osteoarthritis is a form of osteoarthritis with additional erosive or inflammatory phenomena though the patients are negative for rheumatoid factor negative. It most commonly affects the distal and proximal interphalangeal joints of the hand. The first carpometacarpal joint is affected less frequently. Joints of the foot are affected less commonly. Joints such as […]
Osteoarthritis Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
Osteoarthritis, the most common joint disease is a heterogeneous group of conditions resulting in common tissue and radiological changes. Conventionally labeled as degenerative disorder due to excessive wear and tear, currently, osteoarthritis is thought to involve not only cartilage but also the entire joint organ, including the subchondral bone and synovium. Abnormal mechanics and inflammation […]
Bone Stimulators – How Effective are They?
Bone stimulators or bone growth stimulators are devices which are used for enhancing the union of bone. Nonunion [failure of the fracture to unite] or delayed union [fracture unites slower than expected] are common and significant problems in the bone union. Internal or external fixation, bone grafting, and more radically and rarely amputation are the […]
Bursitis – Causes,Types and Treatment
Bursitis is defined as an inflammation of a bursa. In bursitis, the synovial lining becomes thickened and there is a production of excessive fluid resulting in swelling and pain. Following are commonly affected bursae. Upper limb Subacromial Subscapular Olecranon Lower limb Hip Ischiogluteal Iliopsoas Greater trochanter Knee Medial collateral ligament Pes anserinus bursitis Prepatellar Ankle […]
RICE Therapy – Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
RICE stands for Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation. These four indicates measures taken in the acute setting of injury. The purpose of RICE therapy is to reduce pain, bleeding and ultimately swelling. Too much swelling interferes with healing [Body has to work to reduce swelling in addition to the original healing process], can lead to […]
Overpronation of Foot
Overpronation is the excessive pronation of the foot. Pronation movement is part of the normal gait cycle. Pronation occurs as weight is transferred from the heel to the forefoot and the foot rolls inwards. Pronation is a movement of the subtalar joint (the joint between the talus and calcaneus, talus is on the top so […]
Tendinopathy or Tendinosis or Tendonitis – Symptoms and Treatment
Tendinopathy refers to conditions affecting the tendons which cause pain, swelling, or decreased function. It may include tendonitis or tendinosis. Chronic tendinopathy can lead to weakening of the tendon and subsequent rupture. Middle-aged adults are most susceptible to the development of tendinopathy. Tendons transmit mechanical loads and it is thought to be a major causative […]
Tenosynovitis Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
Tenosynovitis is inflammation of synovial sheath that surrounds the tendons. It should be differentiated from term tendonitis which is inflammation of tendon itself. Causes of Tenosynovitis Tenosynovitis can occur from infection or noninfectious causes. Non-infectious causes include diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, crystalline deposition disease, ochronosis, amyloidosis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Reiter’s […]