Periosteal reaction is the formation of new bone after trauma or some other pathology from the periosteum as visualized on the radiographs. The periosteum is a membrane that covers bones except in the cartilage part. Periosteal reaction is also known as periostitis. When an insult occurs, vascular proliferation and thickening of the normal periosteum occur […]
General Ortho
Articular Cartilage Injury
Articular cartilage injury is common and the lesions appear as tears or potholes in the surface of the cartilage. If the lesion is all the way through the cartilage, it is called full-thickness lesion, otherwise, it is a partial thickness lesion. Articular cartilage covers the ends of bones. When the surface of the cartilage is […]
Arthritis – Definition, Types, Symptoms and Treatment
Arthritis [Plural – arthritides] means inflammation in joint. The term includes all the causes of joint inflammation which are about hundred in number. Pain is the most frequent complaint, the pattern of which may differ with arthritis type. Thought arthritis has many causes, the common outcome is the deterioration of joint surfaces and progressive loss of […]
Bone Mineral Density
Bone mineral density or bone density is measure of mineral content in per square centimeter of bones. Bone mineral density is an indirect indicator of osteoporosis. Densitometery is the test for measurement of bone mineral density. As we grow after reaching peak bone mass, we lose some bone mass because of loss of bone minerals […]
Knee Effusion [Water On Knee] – Causes and Treatment
Knee effusion or swelling of the knee occurs when excess fluid accumulates in or around the knee joint. It is also called water on the knee in a colloquial manner. A synovial joint has a small amount of fluid called synovial fluid that has many functions including lubrication while joint movement. A joint effusion means […]
WOMAC Index
WOMAC index or Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritic Index is used to assess the course of disease or response to treatment in patients with knee or hip osteoarthritis. Initially developed in 1982, the WOMAC has undergone multiple revisions. What Does WOMAC Measure? WOMAC measures of three subscales on a scale of 0-4. [None – […]
DEXA Scan or Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry
DEXA [Now abbreviated as DXA] or dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry is a technique used to measure bone density. Dexa scan involves passing two X-ray beams with different energy levels are aimed at the patient’s bones, and bone mineral density is determined from absorption of each bone after soft tissue absorption is subtracted out. The test is […]
Bone Grafts in Orthopedic Surgery – Types and Uses
Bone grafts are used to repair and rebuild diseased bones in your hips, knees, spine, and sometimes other bones and joints. A bone graft transplants bone tissue. Grafts can also repair bone loss caused by some types of fractures or cancers. Once your body accepts the bone graft, it provides a framework for the growth […]
PHILOS or Proximal Humerus Internal Locking System
PHILOS stand for Proximal Humerus internal locking system. It is an anatomic fixation system for the proximal humerus which also provides angular stability. This plate was designed with an eye on eldery people as their bones are osteoporotic. A fixation with this system provides stability and reduces the number of complications. It is a precontoured plate and […]
Wound Dressings for wound Care
Wound care dressings and procedures aim at rapid covering healing of skin defects are for better wound healing. The best method for healing a wound is to close the defect by surgical means as quickly after the injury as possible. However, this may not always be possible. Where primary closure is not possible [ large […]