Hand and Upper Limb

Distal radius fracture refers to fractures that can be either extra-articular or intraarticular fractures of distal end of the radius. The treatment of these fractures varies with the type of fracture, the age of the patient, associated soft tissue injury and demand of the patients. While fractures in younger patients demand an aggressive approach, older […]

Ulnar Impaction Syndrome is a degenerative wrist condition caused by the ulnar head impacting upon the ulnar-sided carpus and triangular fibrocartilage complex resulting in degeneration of these structures and a spectrum of symptoms. It is also called ulnocarpal abutment, ulnocarpal loading, and impingement syndrome. Ulnar impaction syndrome is a common cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain. […]

Hawkins Kennedy impingement test is of shoulder impingement. It identifies impingement of greater tuberosity of humerus against the coracohumeral ligament, trapping all the intervening structures which include the supraspinatus muscle, teres minor muscle, and the infraspinatus muscle. The test was first described in the 1980s Drs. R. Hawkins and J. Kennedy, American physicians It is also popularly called Hawkins test. The […]

There are five flexor tendon zones in hand. Flexor tendon zones influence prognosis following flexor tendon repair. The five flexor tendon zones apply only to the index through small fingers as separate zones exist for the thumb flexor tendon. Zone I Zone I extends from the tip of the finger to the middle of the […]

Constant-Murley Score [Also known as Constant Score or Constant-Murley Shoulder Outcome Score] is used for assessing the outcomes of the treatment of shoulder disorders. It is the recommended scoring system of the European Society of Shoulder & Elbow Surgery. First published in 1987,  it offers the benefits of including Pain score Functional assessment Range of […]

Repetitive strain injury also called repetitive stress injury is an umbrella term for conditions where symptoms develop due to the build-up of damage over the period, owing to repetitive motion. The term includes a lot of disorders which could be occupational, recreational, and habitual activities. Bernardino Ramazzini, in 1700 was the first person to describe […]

Os acromiale is an accessory bone that results from an unfused center of ossification of the acromion of the scapula bone. The acromion is part of the scapula that extends laterally over the shoulder joint. It develops from 4 ossification centers. If one of the four ossification centers of the acromion fails to fuse, an […]

Colles fracture is a specific distal radius fracture that occurs following a fall on an outstretched hand. The management of different types of distal radius fractures is discussed in the following article. Distal Radius Fracture This article discusses only Colles fracture. What is Colles Fracture? Colles fracture is the most common type of distal radial […]

Radial head fractures are the fracture of the uppermost disc-shaped part of the radius bone which articulates with ulna at its proximal end through the lesser sigmoid notch and with the humerus. This joint is responsible for forearm pronation and supination. The radial head fractures may be isolated just to the radial head or they […]