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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

Hand and Upper Limb

Normal Wrist X-ray

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Carpal Bones or Bones of the carpus - wrist

Wrist x-rays are commonly done for wrist injuries and other wrist ailments. Wrist x-rays are only able to tell about the status of carpal bones radiocarpal joint Carpometacarpal joint Distal radius Ulna In clinical practice, the common x-ray views of the wrist are posteroanterior and lateral. Oblique radiographs are included to increase sensitivity to carpal, metacarpal, […]

Filed Under: Hand and Upper Limb

Distal clavicle Osteolysis Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

distal clavicle osteolysis

Distal clavicle osteolysis refers to the process causing resorption of subchondral bone in the distal clavicle [lateral calvicle], often caused by repetitive strain injury and microfracture, and presenting as pain in the acromioclavicular joint. Distal clavicle osteolysis was first described in 1936. Distal clavicle osteolysis is believed to be an underreported and underdiagnosed condition. More […]

Filed Under: Hand and Upper Limb

Humeral Avulsion of Glenohumeral ligament or HAGL

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

coracoacrmial arch

Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament or HAGL refers to avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL) from its humeral insertion. When it is associated with a bony avulsion fracture, it is called as bony humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (BHAGL lesion). Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament is often seen in young men engaged in contact sports […]

Filed Under: Hand and Upper Limb

Axillary Nerve Injury – Causes, Effects and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Axillary nerve injury would affect its supply as shown

Axillary nerve injury can result either from compression of the axillary nerve or traumatic injury resulting from traction, direct trauma or from injections. As deltoid is the muscle that is being supplied along with skin over the deltoid area, the axillary nerve injury causes deltoid muscle paralysis and numbness over the region. Axillary nerve injury is […]

Filed Under: Hand and Upper Limb

Spinal Accessory Nerve Palsy Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

spinal accessory nerve course, PD

Spinal accessory nerve palsy often occurs due to lesions in the neck, most often due to iatrogenic reasons. The nerve is especially vulnerable in the posterior triangle of the neck owing to its long and superficial course in the posterior cervical neck. Iatrogenic spinal accessory nerve injury most commonly occurs following diagnostic lymph node biopsies […]

Filed Under: Hand and Upper Limb

Serratus Anterior Paralysis [Long Thoracic Nerve Palsy]

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Serratus anterior muscle paralysis causes winging of scapula

Serratus anterior paralysis is a condition that characterized by pain, loss of shoulder movement and winging of scapula owing to damage or injury of the long thoracic nerve. This nerve evolves from the roots of neck vertebrae (C5-C7) and supplies to serratus anterior muscle that retains the scapula bone to the chest wall. Long thoracic […]

Filed Under: Hand and Upper Limb

Scapular Winging – Causes, Types and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Medial Winging of Scapula due to Long Thoracic Nerve Palsy

Scapular winging or winged scapula refers to a dysfunction involving the stabilizing muscles of the scapula resulting in imbalance and abnormal motion of the scapula and causing protrusion or prominence of scapula bone. Winging of the scapula is a rare but potentially debilitating condition that can affect the ability to lift, pull, and push heavy […]

Filed Under: Hand and Upper Limb

Scapulothoracic Dissociation – Presentation and Management

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

scapulothoracic dissociation

Scapulothoracic dissociation refers to complete separation of the scapula and the upper extremity from the thoracic attachments. It was defined as a complete disruption of the scapulothoracic articulation with lateral scapular displacement and intact skin by Oereck in 1984 who is credited with its first report. It is also called traumatic forequarter amputation with intact […]

Filed Under: Hand and Upper Limb

Scapular Dyskinesis – Causes, Tests and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

type 3 scapular dyskinesis

Scapular dyskinesis is a term that denotes loss of control of normal scapular motion, physiology or mechanics. It is also called sometimes as scapular dyskinesia but dyskinesis is said to be a better term as dyskinesia is applied to abnormal active movements mediated by neurological factors e.g. tardive dyskinesia. Dyskinesis is a finding in the examination […]

Filed Under: General Ortho, Hand and Upper Limb

Swimmer’s Shoulder Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Swimmer's shoulder

Swimmer’s shoulder is an umbrella term covering a range of painful shoulder in the competitive swimmer lead to a spectrum of overuse injuries seen in the swimmer’s shoulder, the most common of which is rotator cuff tendinitis. Shoulder pain is the most common musculoskeletal complaint in swimming with swimmer’s shoulder. Reports of incidence of disabling shoulder pain […]

Filed Under: Hand and Upper Limb

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tension band principle plating

Tension Band Principle and Its Applications

Tension band principle was given by Pauwel. Tension band converts tensile forces to compression forces on the convex side of an eccentrically loaded bone. This is accomplished by placing a tension band (bone plate or wire loops) across the fracture on the tension (or convex) side of the bone to convert tension forces into compressive […]

Nerves to scapula

Dorsal Scapular Nerve Entrapment Syndrome

The dorsal scapular nerve entrapment is a relatively less common nerve entrapment that causes shoulder and arm pain. It is vulnerable during brachial plexus injections as the nerve passes through the middle scalene muscle. Dorsal scapular nerve entrapment is uncommon and therefore frequently underrecognized cause of pain in shoulder and neck area. The symptoms are […]

Tibial tubercle trochlear Groove measurement for patellar maltracking

Patellar Maltracking

Patellar maltracking is said to occur when the patella does not move within the patellar groove of the lower femur. The patella is a sesamoid bone contained within the quadriceps tendon [the portion between the patella and tibial tuberosity is called patellar tendon]. The movement of the patella and its tendon is greatly influenced by […]

Mason classification of radial head fractures

Radial Head Fractures

Radial head fractures are the fracture of uppermost disc-shaped part of the radius bone which articulates with ulna at its proximal end through the lesser sigmoid notch and with the humerus. This joint is responsible for forearm pronation and supination. Radial head fracture may be isolated just to the radial head or they may be […]

Schartzker classification of Tibial Plateau

Tibial Plateau Fractures

Tibial plateau fractures signify periarticular fractures of the proximal tibia frequently associated with soft tissue injuries. These fractures, being in load-bearing area affect knee alignment, stability, and motion. Appropriate treatment of these fractures is critical to minimize disability and reducing the risk of complications like posttraumatic arthritis. Most of these injuries are the motor vehicle–related […]

jammed finger image

Jammed Finger Causes, Symptoms and Remedy

A jammed finger is a popularly used term that refers to injuries around the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fingers. The term is not specific to a single injury but rather describes a group of injuries that are related to varying degrees of loading across the proximal interphalangeal joint due to jamming of the finger […]

tertiary hyperparathyroidism image

Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism Presentation and Treatment

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is state of hyperparathyroidism characterized by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone after long-standing secondary hyperparathyroidism, even after the correction of the cause of hyperparathyroidism. The term is also used in patients who have undergone kidney transplants but their parathyroid function does not return to normal. The cause is the same. The parathyroid glands […]

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Bursa Anatomy and Significance

Bursa is a thin, lubricated fluid-filled sac located at points of friction between a bone and the surrounding soft tissue, such as skin, muscles, … [Read More...] about Bursa Anatomy and Significance

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