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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

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Hand and Upper Limb

Nonidiopathic Scoliosis – Types and Causes

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Congenital scoliosis is type of nonidiopathic scoliosis Image Credit: SRS

Idiopathic structural scoliosis is the most common type of scoliosis. Rest of the scoliosis types are grouped under the term nonidiopathic scoliosis. Nonstructural scoliosis has the lateral curvature but there is no structural abnormality in the spine. The curvature is in response to habit or a disease process like inflammation. Postural scoliosis is a type […]

Filed Under: Hand and Upper Limb

Normal Wrist X-ray

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Carpal Bones or Bones of the carpus - wrist

Wrist x-rays are commonly done for wrist injuries and other wrist ailments. Wrist x-rays are only able to tell about the status of carpal bones radiocarpal joint Carpometacarpal joint Distal radius Ulna In clinical practice, the common x-ray views of the wrist are posteroanterior and lateral. Oblique radiographs are included to increase sensitivity to carpal, metacarpal, […]

Filed Under: Hand and Upper Limb

Distal clavicle Osteolysis Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

distal clavicle osteolysis

Distal clavicle osteolysis refers to the process causing resorption of subchondral bone in the distal clavicle [lateral calvicle], often caused by repetitive strain injury and microfracture, and presenting as pain in the acromioclavicular joint. Distal clavicle osteolysis was first described in 1936. Distal clavicle osteolysis is believed to be an underreported and underdiagnosed condition. More […]

Filed Under: Hand and Upper Limb

Humeral Avulsion of Glenohumeral ligament or HAGL

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

coracoacrmial arch

Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament or HAGL refers to avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL) from its humeral insertion. When it is associated with a bony avulsion fracture, it is called as bony humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (BHAGL lesion). Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament is often seen in young men engaged in contact sports […]

Filed Under: Hand and Upper Limb

Axillary Nerve Injury – Causes, Effects and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Axillary nerve injury would affect its supply as shown

Axillary nerve injury can result either from compression of the axillary nerve or traumatic injury resulting from traction, direct trauma or from injections. As deltoid is the muscle that is being supplied along with skin over the deltoid area, the axillary nerve injury causes deltoid muscle paralysis and numbness over the region. Axillary nerve injury is […]

Filed Under: Hand and Upper Limb

Spinal Accessory Nerve Palsy Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

spinal accessory nerve course, PD

Spinal accessory nerve palsy often occurs due to lesions in the neck, most often due to iatrogenic reasons. The nerve is especially vulnerable in the posterior triangle of the neck owing to its long and superficial course in the posterior cervical neck. Iatrogenic spinal accessory nerve injury most commonly occurs following diagnostic lymph node biopsies […]

Filed Under: Hand and Upper Limb

Serratus Anterior Paralysis [Long Thoracic Nerve Palsy]

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Serratus anterior muscle paralysis causes winging of scapula

Serratus anterior paralysis is a condition that characterized by pain, loss of shoulder movement and winging of scapula owing to damage or injury of the long thoracic nerve. This nerve evolves from the roots of neck vertebrae (C5-C7) and supplies to serratus anterior muscle that retains the scapula bone to the chest wall. Long thoracic […]

Filed Under: Hand and Upper Limb

Scapular Winging – Causes, Types and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Medial Winging of Scapula due to Long Thoracic Nerve Palsy

Scapular winging or winged scapula refers to a dysfunction involving the stabilizing muscles of the scapula resulting in imbalance and abnormal motion of the scapula and causing protrusion or prominence of scapula bone. Winging of the scapula is a rare but potentially debilitating condition that can affect the ability to lift, pull, and push heavy […]

Filed Under: Hand and Upper Limb

Scapulothoracic Dissociation – Presentation and Management

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

scapulothoracic dissociation

Scapulothoracic dissociation refers to complete separation of the scapula and the upper extremity from the thoracic attachments. It was defined as a complete disruption of the scapulothoracic articulation with lateral scapular displacement and intact skin by Oereck in 1984 who is credited with its first report. It is also called traumatic forequarter amputation with intact […]

Filed Under: Hand and Upper Limb

Scapular Dyskinesis – Causes, Tests and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

type 3 scapular dyskinesis

Scapular dyskinesis is a term that denotes loss of control of normal scapular motion, physiology or mechanics. It is also called sometimes as scapular dyskinesia but dyskinesis is said to be a better term as dyskinesia is applied to abnormal active movements mediated by neurological factors e.g. tardive dyskinesia. Dyskinesis is a finding in the examination […]

Filed Under: General Ortho, Hand and Upper Limb

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Sprengel Deformity

Sprengel Deformity – Congenital High Scapula

Sprengel deformity is a congenital condition where the scapula is small and located higher than its normal position because of its failure to descend to its position. There could also be scapular winging and presence of omovertebral bone 30-50%]. Omovertebral bone is an anomalous bone connecting the elevated scapula to the cervical spine. It is […]

Radius and Ulna Anatomy

Radius Bone Anatomy

The radius bone is the lateral [on side of thumb] and slightly shorter of the two forearm bones. It rotates to produce the motion supination and pronation of the forearm. Supination is the movement which allows you to turn your palms skyward in a flexed elbow and pronation causes it to face the ground [in […]

Shin Splints are Common in Runners

Shin Splints or Medial tibial stress syndrome

Shin splints or Medial tibial stress syndrome is an overuse injury or repetitive stress injury of the shin area [tibial bone]. These affect persons who engage in running and jumping. It affects about 15% of all running-related injuries. It is most often found in runners, and persons playing other sports like football, basketball, soccer, and […]

Hawkins Classification of Talar Neck Fractures

Talar Neck Fractures Causes and Management

Talar neck fractures are a most common fracture of talus and account for about 50% of the talar fractures. Talar neck fractures are high high-energy injuries which are usually caused by forced dorsiflexion with the axial load. Ipsilateral lower extremity fractures common with these fractures. Anatomy of Talus Read about anatomy of talus. Talus consists […]

Radiolunate Angle

Wrist Instability Types, Diagnosis and Treatment

Wrist Instability or carpal instability occurs when takes wrist is damaged by trauma, chronic inflammation or anatomical alterations like ulnar variance and neoplasms. Injuries to the ligaments of the wrist represent a broad spectrum of pathology. There are a number of ligaments of the wrist maintaining a complex articulation of carpal bones. Ligament injuries are […]

thoracolumbar junction syndrome

Thoracolumbar Junction Syndrome

Thoracolumbar Junction Syndrome is also called Maigne Syndrome or Dorsal Ramus Syndrome or posterior ramus syndrome. It is caused by the unexplained activation of the primary division of a posterior ramus of a spinal nerve. In absence of any radiological signs, the diagnosis is made clinically. The thoracolumbar junction (TLJ) is comprised of the T10-11, […]

Deformed pelvis oseomalcia

Osteomalacia Causes and Treatment

Osteomalacia is a  metabolic bone disease where defective mineralization results in bone soften due to a large amount of unmineralized osteoid. Osteomalacia (mollities ossium) is characterized by softening of the bones because of an accumulation of osteoid tissue. Osteoid is the bone matrix which is mineralized to form bone. Like rickets, osteomalacia also affects the […]

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