Proximal tibia fractures refer to fractures of the upper portion of tibia below the knee. These fractures could be intra-articular or extra-articular. Intra-articular fractures are also called tibial plateau fractures and have been discussed separately. This article would restrict to non-articular fractures of the proximal tibia. These fractures include metaphysic and diaphysis of the tibia […]
Lower Extremities
Distal Femur Fractures Presentation and Treatment
Distal femur fractures have traditionally been associated with young patients but are increasing in the geriatric population. They are commonly found in young, healthy males and elderly osteopenic females. With increased use of prostheses, periprosthetic fractures becoming more common These fractures require anatomically stable fixation. The fractures represent high energy injury in young patients whereas […]
Patella Fractures Presentation and Treatment
Patella fractures refer to fractures of kneecap, a sesamoid bone on the anterior aspect of the knee. It accounts for about 1% of all skeletal injuries. The patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body. It is contained within the extensor mechanism which consists of the quadriceps tendon proximally and the patellar ligament distally. […]
Leg Length Discrepancy – Causes and Treatment
The leg length discrepancy means there is inequality of the length of the lower limbs. It is also called as limb length inequality. The problem is extremely common with 23% of the general population having a discrepancy of 1 cm or more Leg length discrepancy causes compensatory gait abnormalities, degenerative arthritis of the lower extremity […]
Slipped Femoral Capital Epiphysis
Slipped femoral capital epiphysis is the disorder of the proximal femoral physis that leads to slippage of the epiphysis relative to the femoral neck. It is one of commonest hip abnormalities in adolescence. It affects both the hips in about 20% of cases. The incidence for slipped capital femoral epiphysis is about 10 cases per […]
Coxa Valga Causes and Treatment
Coxa valga is increased in femoral neck-shaft angle tp more than 140 degrees. Like coxa vara, coxa valga could be congenital or acquired. But it is quite rare as compared to coxa vara. Coxa valga is often associated with shallow acetabular angles and femoral head subluxation. It can be associated with genu varum and lead […]
Coxa Vara Causes and Treatment
Coxa vara describes a deformity of the hip where the angle formed between the head and neck of the femur and its shaft is decreased, usually defined as less than 120 degrees. This angle is also known as Mikulicz angle. It can be congenital or acquired. The common mechanism in congenital cases is a failure of medial growth […]
Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome is a condition characterized by exercise-induced pain that is relieved by rest. It occurs from repetitive loading or exertional activities in athletes, long-distance runners, basketball players, skiers, and soccer players. It is most commonly seen in legs but can involve any compartment of the extremities. It is the second most common […]
Shaft Femur Fracture
Shaft femur fracture is the fracture of the diaphysis of the femur, an area from the subtrochanteric region to supracondylar region. The management of these fractures differ greatly from fractures of the other regions and hence are The femoral shaft Fracture of shaft of the femur or simply called as femur fracture may be categorized […]
Lateral Patellar Compression Syndrome
Lateral patellar compression syndrome is a disorder where there is an overload and increased pressure on the lateral facet of the patella due to tight lateral soft-tissue restraints. This results in the improper tracking of the patella and leads to excessive lateral tilt without excessive patellar mobility Earlier it was known as patellar compression syndrome or excessive […]