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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

Lower Limb

Anterior Knee Pain Scale- Use and Limitations

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

anterior knee pain scale

The anterior knee pain scale is a patient-reported assessment of symptoms and functional limitations in patellofemoral disorders. It was first published in 1993 by Kujala et al. The questions on the Kujala questionnaire add to total of100 points. Anterior knee pain results in significant symptoms and activity limitations. The anterior knee pain scale is a […]

Filed Under: Knee

Bunion [Hallux Valgus]- Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

bunion and hallux valgus

Bunion is a bony bump, often painful, enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint). Bunion is a foot deformity, usually associated with hallux valgus [hallux refers to the great toe, “valgus” refers to the abnormal angulation of the great toe], a deformity of the toe […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Os Vesalianum – The Accessory Bone of Fifth Metatarsal

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Accessory bone Os velanium of the foot

What is Os Vesalianum Os vesalianum pedis is an accessory bone of the foot located proximal to the fifth metatarsal and found within the peroneus brevis tendon. It is a rare occurrence. The reported incidence is between 0.1% and 0.4%. This ossicle is without any symptoms generally but often can become painful. It is often […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Hip Pointer Injury – Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Hip pointer image contusion

A hip pointer refers to a contusion to the iliac crest or the greater trochanter of the femur caused typically by a direct blow or fall.  Other involved structures may include the tensor fascia lata, the external oblique muscle and the greater trochanter of the femur. Severe cases may have In severe cases a hematoma, causing […]

Filed Under: Hip

Chronic Ankle Instability Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

End to end repair in chronic ankle instability

Chronic ankle instability has is seen in about 20% of people who suffer from acute ankle sprains. It often causes recurrent sprains. About 80% of acute ankle sprains reach full recovery with initial non-operative management, rest develop chronic symptoms resulting in chronic ankle instability. [Please go through Acute ankle sprains to get a better perspective […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

High Ankle Sprains or Syndesmotic Sprains

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Bimalleolar Fracture With Ankle Subluxation With Tibifibular Diastasis

High ankle sprains, also known as syndesmotic sprains, are sprains of the syndesmotic ligaments that connect distal ends of the tibia and fibula. High ankle sprains [because they are located above the ankle] comprise approximately 15% of all ankle sprains. These injuries are mostly external rotation injuries Most of these occur in conjunction with ankle fractures and rarely in isolated form. […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Ankle Sprain Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Ankle sprain of second degree, image in PD from W

Ankle sprain accounts for up to 40% of all athletic injuries and is most commonly seen in athletes participating in basketball, soccer, running, and ballet/dance. The ankle sprain is usually caused by an inversion-type twisting injury. About eighty percent of acute ankle sprains recover completely, 20% develop mechanical or functional instability resulting in chronic ankle […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Ankle Pain Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Ankle pain causes and treatment

Ankle pain can originate in ankle joint or surrounding tissues. The ankle joint is a weight-bearing hinged joint and ankle pain can be caused by injury or disease of the ankle joint or surrounding tissues. The present article is a general overview of causes and treatment of ankle pain. Relevant Anatomy [Read detailed anatomy of […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Bicycle Seat Neuropathy or Cyclist Syndrome

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Bicycle Seat Neuropathy or Cyclist Syndrome

Bicycle seat neuropathy is recurrent perineal numbness in a cyclist after prolonged cycling and carries the risk of impotence in the long run if unchecked. It is also known as pudendal neuralgia or pudendal nerve entrapment syndrome [In stricter sense, Pudendal nerve entrapment could be due to other causes as well.] The injuries and symptoms […]

Filed Under: Lower Limb

Accessory Navicular Bone Syndrome

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Accessory Navicular bone

Accessory navicular bone or os tibiale externum, or os naviculare accessorium, is a large accessory ossicle [small bone] that can be present adjacent to the medial side of the navicular bone. The tibialis posterior tendon which normally inserts on the navicular attached to the ossicle when present. An accessory navicular bone is present in 10-12% of the population and first appears in adolescence. […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

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Harms of prolonged sitting

Prolonged Sitting, Its Harmful Effects and Remedies

Prolonged sitting occupies most of our daily time both at home, office or transport. Human bodies are made for moving around as that is what we did for thousands of years. But rapidly developing technology has led to a sedentary life. Modernization of the offices and shifting of emphasis from paper to computer has also […]

Xray of Osteopoikilosis

Osteopoikilosis or Spotted Bone

Osteopoikilosis is a  benign, autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia that manifests radiographically as multiple bone islands which are especially seen near the joints, epiphyses, metaphyses of long and short tubular bones. The condition is also known as the spotted bone. The islands are also seen in in the pelvis and scapulae. The distribution is typically bilateral […]

sunburst-periosteal-reaction

Periosteal Reaction and Its Types

Periosteal reaction is the formation of new bone after trauma or some other pathology from the periosteum as visualized on the radiographs. The periosteum is a membrane that covers bones except in the cartilage part. Periosteal reaction is also known as periostitis. When an insult occurs, vascular proliferation and thickening of the normal periosteum occur […]

Classification of Scapular Fractures

Scapula Fracture- Types, Presentationa and Treatment

Scapula fracture is an uncommon injury. The scapula is a bone that sits congruently against the ribs and stabilizes the upper extremity against the thorax. It links the upper extremity to the axial skeleton through the glenoid, the acromioclavicular joint, clavicle, and the sternoclavicular joint. The low incidence of scapula fracture has been attributed to […]

Carpal Bones Fractures

Carpal Bone Fractures

Carpal bone fractures is a collective term for fracture of the bones that make the carpus or wrist, also called carpal bones. Scaphoid fracture is most common of carpal bone fractures. Incidence of Carpal Bone Fractures Following is a rough approximate incidence of carpal bone fractures Scaphoid 68.2% Triquetrum 18.3% Trapezium 4.3% Lunate 3.9% Capitate […]

long thoracic nerve

Long Thoracic Nerve Anatomy and Significance

The long thoracic nerve is a pure motor nerve that arises from anterior or ventral roots of C5, C6, and C7 and supplies serratus anterior muscle. Serratus anterior muscle is responsible for stabilization and protraction movement of the scapula. It is also called posterior thoracic nerve and the external respiratory nerve of Bell, after Sir Charles Bell who provided its first […]

parts of phlanges

Phalanx of Hand – Anatomy and Function

Phalanx [plural phalanges] is a tubular bone present in hand and foot and form digits [fingers and toes]. In this article, we discuss the phalanges of the hand. There are five digits in each hand – four finger and one thumb. All fingers have three phalanges distal, middle and proximal. Thumb has only proximal and […]

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