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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

  • General Ortho
  • Procedures
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  • Upper Limb
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Lower Limb

Anterior Knee Pain Scale- Use and Limitations

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

anterior knee pain scale

The anterior knee pain scale is a patient-reported assessment of symptoms and functional limitations in patellofemoral disorders. It was first published in 1993 by Kujala et al. The questions on the Kujala questionnaire add to total of100 points. Anterior knee pain results in significant symptoms and activity limitations. The anterior knee pain scale is a […]

Filed Under: Knee

Lower Extremity Functional Scale – Method and Interpretation

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

lower extremity functional scale

Lower extremity functional scale is a test that consists of a questionnaire to evaluate the function of the lower limb in case of musculoskeletal condition or disorder. The test can be used to measure initial function, ongoing progress, and outcome. The lower extremity functional scale was developed in 1999 by Binkley et al. when they […]

Filed Under: Lower Limb

Bunion [Hallux Valgus]- Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

bunion and hallux valgus

Bunion is a bony bump, often painful, enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint). Bunion is a foot deformity, usually associated with hallux valgus [hallux refers to the great toe, “valgus” refers to the abnormal angulation of the great toe], a deformity of the toe […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Ectrodactyly or Lobster Claw Hand (and Foot)

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Ectrodactyly in both feet

Ectrodactyly is a genetic disorder of skeletal anomaly resulting in the complete or partial absence of fingers or toes due to longitudinal deficiency. Webbing between fingers or toes (syndactyly) may occur giving hands and/or feet a claw-like appearance. The condition has a widely ranging severity and there are combinations of deformities that appear. The malformation […]

Filed Under: Hand and Upper Limb, Lower Limb

Os Vesalianum – The Accessory Bone of Fifth Metatarsal

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Accessory bone Os velanium of the foot

What is Os Vesalianum Os vesalianum pedis is an accessory bone of the foot located proximal to the fifth metatarsal and found within the peroneus brevis tendon. It is a rare occurrence. The reported incidence is between 0.1% and 0.4%. This ossicle is without any symptoms generally but often can become painful. It is often […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Hip Pointer Injury – Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Hip pointer image contusion

A hip pointer refers to a contusion to the iliac crest or the greater trochanter of the femur caused typically by a direct blow or fall.  Other involved structures may include the tensor fascia lata, the external oblique muscle and the greater trochanter of the femur. Severe cases may have In severe cases a hematoma, causing […]

Filed Under: Hip

Chronic Ankle Instability Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

End to end repair in chronic ankle instability

Chronic ankle instability has is seen in about 20% of people who suffer from acute ankle sprains. It often causes recurrent sprains. About 80% of acute ankle sprains reach full recovery with initial non-operative management, rest develop chronic symptoms resulting in chronic ankle instability. [Please go through Acute ankle sprains to get a better perspective […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

High Ankle Sprains or Syndesmotic Sprains

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Bimalleolar Fracture With Ankle Subluxation With Tibifibular Diastasis

High ankle sprains, also known as syndesmotic sprains, are sprains of the syndesmotic ligaments that connect distal ends of the tibia and fibula. High ankle sprains [because they are located above the ankle] comprise approximately 15% of all ankle sprains. These injuries are mostly external rotation injuries Most of these occur in conjunction with ankle fractures and rarely in isolated form. […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Ankle Sprain Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Ankle sprain of second degree, image in PD from W

Ankle sprain accounts for up to 40% of all athletic injuries and is most commonly seen in athletes participating in basketball, soccer, running, and ballet/dance. The ankle sprain is usually caused by an inversion-type twisting injury. About eighty percent of acute ankle sprains recover completely, 20% develop mechanical or functional instability resulting in chronic ankle […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Ankle Pain Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Ankle pain causes and treatment

Ankle pain can originate in ankle joint or surrounding tissues. The ankle joint is a weight-bearing hinged joint and ankle pain can be caused by injury or disease of the ankle joint or surrounding tissues. The present article is a general overview of causes and treatment of ankle pain. Relevant Anatomy [Read detailed anatomy of […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

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Pes Anserinus Bursitis Image

Pes Anserinus Bursitis Symptoms and Treatment

Pes anserinus bursitis is an inflammatory condition of Pes-anserinus bursa which lies on the medial aspect of the knee. It causes pain inferomedial to the knee joint. It is also called anserine bursitis. A bursa is a small synovial tissue lined structure between two surfaces which functions to provide space for gliding and reducing friction […]

periosteal chondroma of femur

Periosteal Chondroma or Juxtacortical Chondroma

Periosteal chondroma is a benign cartilage tumor that develops on the surface of bone under the periosteum. It is also called as juxtacortical chondroma. Chondroma consists of mature hyaline cartilage. Periosteal chondromas are rare lesions and account for less than 1% of all chondromas. The majority of cases are diagnosed during the second and third […]

arthrogryposis image from wiki public domain

Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita is a congenital deformity affecting the extremities, characterized by marked muscular wasting the loss of mass, increased fibrous tissue around the joints, and therefore disturbance of mobility and various characteristic deformities. Bone changes are usually secondary to the overlying soft tissue changes, as well as to the changes which have taken place […]

Crying Face

Fractures In Children and Their Management

Fractures in children demand special consideration because the skeleton of children though resembles adult skeleton is kind of different. Anatomically as well as physiologically, bones in children are quite different from adult bones. Roughly about one-third of children have had a fracture by the age of 18.  Fractures of the forearm are the most common […]

wrist pain text image

Wrist Pain Causes and Treatment

Wrist pain is a common problem and can be caused by many conditions, trivial and serious both. The pain can originate from carpal or wrist bones, ligaments, muscles, tendons, nerves, vessels or connective tissue and other structures in the vicinity. Damage to any of the parts of your wrist can cause pain and affect your […]

Different Types of Bone Destruction

Bone Destruction- Patterns and Their Significance

Different patterns of bone destruction as observed on x-rays are caused by a variety of disease processes affecting the bone. Different types of destructions suggest the intensity and aggression of the disease process. Classically, x-rays were used for imaging and diagnosis. With the advent of CT and MRI, the x-ray diagnosis of lesions has lost […]

Shoulder Arthrodesis

Shoulder Arthrodesis Indications and Procedure

Shoulder arthrodesis is end-stage salvage joint fusion surgery for a joint that has failed, is about to fail or a painful joint that cannot be reconstructed. The term shoulder arthrodesis is used for fusion of the glenohumeral joint. Though the indications for arthrodesis are diminishing, it is still an important method of shoulder management. It […]

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