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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

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Lower Limb

Anterior Knee Pain Scale- Use and Limitations

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

anterior knee pain scale

The anterior knee pain scale is a patient-reported assessment of symptoms and functional limitations in patellofemoral disorders. It was first published in 1993 by Kujala et al. The questions on the Kujala questionnaire add to total of100 points. Anterior knee pain results in significant symptoms and activity limitations. The anterior knee pain scale is a […]

Filed Under: Knee

Lower Extremity Functional Scale – Method and Interpretation

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

lower extremity functional scale

Lower extremity functional scale is a test that consists of a questionnaire to evaluate the function of the lower limb in case of musculoskeletal condition or disorder. The test can be used to measure initial function, ongoing progress, and outcome. The lower extremity functional scale was developed in 1999 by Binkley et al. when they […]

Filed Under: Lower Limb

Bunion [Hallux Valgus]- Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

bunion and hallux valgus

Bunion is a bony bump, often painful, enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint). Bunion is a foot deformity, usually associated with hallux valgus [hallux refers to the great toe, “valgus” refers to the abnormal angulation of the great toe], a deformity of the toe […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Ectrodactyly or Lobster Claw Hand (and Foot)

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Ectrodactyly in both feet

Ectrodactyly is a genetic disorder of skeletal anomaly resulting in the complete or partial absence of fingers or toes due to longitudinal deficiency. Webbing between fingers or toes (syndactyly) may occur giving hands and/or feet a claw-like appearance. The condition has a widely ranging severity and there are combinations of deformities that appear. The malformation […]

Filed Under: Hand and Upper Limb, Lower Limb

Os Vesalianum – The Accessory Bone of Fifth Metatarsal

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Accessory bone Os velanium of the foot

What is Os Vesalianum Os vesalianum pedis is an accessory bone of the foot located proximal to the fifth metatarsal and found within the peroneus brevis tendon. It is a rare occurrence. The reported incidence is between 0.1% and 0.4%. This ossicle is without any symptoms generally but often can become painful. It is often […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Hip Pointer Injury – Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Hip pointer image contusion

A hip pointer refers to a contusion to the iliac crest or the greater trochanter of the femur caused typically by a direct blow or fall.  Other involved structures may include the tensor fascia lata, the external oblique muscle and the greater trochanter of the femur. Severe cases may have In severe cases a hematoma, causing […]

Filed Under: Hip

Chronic Ankle Instability Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

End to end repair in chronic ankle instability

Chronic ankle instability has is seen in about 20% of people who suffer from acute ankle sprains. It often causes recurrent sprains. About 80% of acute ankle sprains reach full recovery with initial non-operative management, rest develop chronic symptoms resulting in chronic ankle instability. [Please go through Acute ankle sprains to get a better perspective […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

High Ankle Sprains or Syndesmotic Sprains

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Bimalleolar Fracture With Ankle Subluxation With Tibifibular Diastasis

High ankle sprains, also known as syndesmotic sprains, are sprains of the syndesmotic ligaments that connect distal ends of the tibia and fibula. High ankle sprains [because they are located above the ankle] comprise approximately 15% of all ankle sprains. These injuries are mostly external rotation injuries Most of these occur in conjunction with ankle fractures and rarely in isolated form. […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Ankle Sprain Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Ankle sprain of second degree, image in PD from W

Ankle sprain accounts for up to 40% of all athletic injuries and is most commonly seen in athletes participating in basketball, soccer, running, and ballet/dance. The ankle sprain is usually caused by an inversion-type twisting injury. About eighty percent of acute ankle sprains recover completely, 20% develop mechanical or functional instability resulting in chronic ankle […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Ankle Pain Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Ankle pain causes and treatment

Ankle pain can originate in ankle joint or surrounding tissues. The ankle joint is a weight-bearing hinged joint and ankle pain can be caused by injury or disease of the ankle joint or surrounding tissues. The present article is a general overview of causes and treatment of ankle pain. Relevant Anatomy [Read detailed anatomy of […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

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Dysplasia Epiphysealis Punctata lethal

Dysplasia Epiphysealis Punctata

Dysplasia epiphysealis punctata is a rare condition characterized by the presence of stippled epiphyses at birth in association with other connective tissue disturbances. It is also known under a variety of names such as chondrodystrophia foetalis calcificans, stippled epiphyses, or congenital multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. It is also called Conradi Disease. Two main forms are recognized […]

Different Types of Muscles

Muscles – Types, Structure and Functions

Muscles are the contractile tissues [A tissue that is able to contract] that are responsible for performing various voluntary and involuntary movements in the body. These can be regarded as motors of the body. Different types of muscles in the body perform different functions according to their type and location. Muscle is so named because, […]

Anatomy and Physiology of Bone

Bone Anatomy and Physiology

The adult human skeleton has a total of 206 bones, excluding the sesamoid bones. The appendicular skeleton has 126 bones, axial skeleton 74 bones, and auditory ossicles six bones. [Read more about different bones and their classification] Each bone possesses a unique shape. But the bones across the body do possess similarities in terms of […]

Representative picture for things to do to achieve fastr fracture healing

7 Tips for Faster Fracture Healing

Fractures are very common in modern life. Reported annual occurrence in the US is about 7 million. Fracture healing can take any time between 4-12 weeks depending on the bone injured and the treatment given. Because of inconvenience and adverse effects on daily activities of living, everyone looks for ways of faster fracture healing. But […]

DEXA scan in use

DEXA Scan or Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry

DEXA [Now abbreviated as DXA] or dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry is a technique used to measure bone density. Dexa scan involves passing two X-ray beams with different energy levels are aimed at the patient’s bones, and bone mineral density is determined from absorption of each bone after soft tissue absorption is subtracted out. The test is […]

bone spur

Bone Spur or Osteophyte- Causes and Treatment

A bone spur is a bony growth formed on a normal bone. In medical language, it is termed as an osteophyte. A bone spur is an extra bone and can cause symptoms due to pressure on adjacent tissues. Bone spurs are also called osteochondral nodules, osteochondrophytes, and chondro-osteophytes. Osteophyte is part of degenerative changes that […]

Lumbar Spondylosis

Lumbar Spondylosis – Causes, Presentation and Treatment

Lumbar spondylosis as a term refers to degenerative conditions affecting the discs, vertebral bodies, and/or associated joints of the lumbar spine. Spondylosis deformans and lumbar osteoarthritis are other names of lumbar spondylosis. Lumbar spondylosis is a broad term and includes many associated pathologies including spinal stenosis, degenerative spondylolisthesis, and osteoarthritis, and also captures effects of […]

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