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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

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Lower Limb

Anterior Knee Pain Scale- Use and Limitations

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

anterior knee pain scale

The anterior knee pain scale is a patient-reported assessment of symptoms and functional limitations in patellofemoral disorders. It was first published in 1993 by Kujala et al. The questions on the Kujala questionnaire add to total of100 points. Anterior knee pain results in significant symptoms and activity limitations. The anterior knee pain scale is a […]

Filed Under: Knee

Lower Extremity Functional Scale – Method and Interpretation

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

lower extremity functional scale

Lower extremity functional scale is a test that consists of a questionnaire to evaluate the function of the lower limb in case of musculoskeletal condition or disorder. The test can be used to measure initial function, ongoing progress, and outcome. The lower extremity functional scale was developed in 1999 by Binkley et al. when they […]

Filed Under: Lower Limb

Bunion [Hallux Valgus]- Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

bunion and hallux valgus

Bunion is a bony bump, often painful, enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint). Bunion is a foot deformity, usually associated with hallux valgus [hallux refers to the great toe, “valgus” refers to the abnormal angulation of the great toe], a deformity of the toe […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Ectrodactyly or Lobster Claw Hand (and Foot)

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Ectrodactyly in both feet

Ectrodactyly is a genetic disorder of skeletal anomaly resulting in the complete or partial absence of fingers or toes due to longitudinal deficiency. Webbing between fingers or toes (syndactyly) may occur giving hands and/or feet a claw-like appearance. The condition has a widely ranging severity and there are combinations of deformities that appear. The malformation […]

Filed Under: Hand and Upper Limb, Lower Limb

Os Vesalianum – The Accessory Bone of Fifth Metatarsal

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Accessory bone Os velanium of the foot

What is Os Vesalianum Os vesalianum pedis is an accessory bone of the foot located proximal to the fifth metatarsal and found within the peroneus brevis tendon. It is a rare occurrence. The reported incidence is between 0.1% and 0.4%. This ossicle is without any symptoms generally but often can become painful. It is often […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Hip Pointer Injury – Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Hip pointer image contusion

A hip pointer refers to a contusion to the iliac crest or the greater trochanter of the femur caused typically by a direct blow or fall.  Other involved structures may include the tensor fascia lata, the external oblique muscle and the greater trochanter of the femur. Severe cases may have In severe cases a hematoma, causing […]

Filed Under: Hip

Chronic Ankle Instability Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

End to end repair in chronic ankle instability

Chronic ankle instability has is seen in about 20% of people who suffer from acute ankle sprains. It often causes recurrent sprains. About 80% of acute ankle sprains reach full recovery with initial non-operative management, rest develop chronic symptoms resulting in chronic ankle instability. [Please go through Acute ankle sprains to get a better perspective […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

High Ankle Sprains or Syndesmotic Sprains

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Bimalleolar Fracture With Ankle Subluxation With Tibifibular Diastasis

High ankle sprains, also known as syndesmotic sprains, are sprains of the syndesmotic ligaments that connect distal ends of the tibia and fibula. High ankle sprains [because they are located above the ankle] comprise approximately 15% of all ankle sprains. These injuries are mostly external rotation injuries Most of these occur in conjunction with ankle fractures and rarely in isolated form. […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Ankle Sprain Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Ankle sprain of second degree, image in PD from W

Ankle sprain accounts for up to 40% of all athletic injuries and is most commonly seen in athletes participating in basketball, soccer, running, and ballet/dance. The ankle sprain is usually caused by an inversion-type twisting injury. About eighty percent of acute ankle sprains recover completely, 20% develop mechanical or functional instability resulting in chronic ankle […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Ankle Pain Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Ankle pain causes and treatment

Ankle pain can originate in ankle joint or surrounding tissues. The ankle joint is a weight-bearing hinged joint and ankle pain can be caused by injury or disease of the ankle joint or surrounding tissues. The present article is a general overview of causes and treatment of ankle pain. Relevant Anatomy [Read detailed anatomy of […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

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intervertebral disc calcification image

Intervertebral Disc Calcification

Intervertebral disc calcification is more common in adults than children. Overall, it is an uncommon condition. It was first described by Baron in 1924 and since that time more than 100 cases have been reported. Intervertebral disc calcification is more common in boys than girls and usual age of presentation is 8-13 years. It is […]

chronic exertional comparment syndrome

Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome is a condition characterized by exercise-induced pain that is relieved by rest. It occurs from repetitive loading or exertional activities in athletes, long-distance runners, basketball players, skiers, and soccer players. It is most commonly seen in legs but can involve any compartment of the extremities. It is the second most common […]

crawford classification of pseudarthrosis of tibia

Congenital Pseudarthrosis of Tibia

Congenital pseudarthrosis of tibia is an uncommon disease with clinical presentations ranging from simple anterolateral tibial angulation to complete non-union with extensive bone defects. It is a rare disease, with an estimated frequency of 1/150,000 births. Pseudarthrosis means false joint.  A relationship with type 1 neurofibromatosis or von Recklinghausen’s disease is known but exact pathophysiology […]

Bicycle Seat Neuropathy or Cyclist Syndrome

Bicycle Seat Neuropathy or Cyclist Syndrome

Bicycle seat neuropathy is recurrent perineal numbness in a cyclist after prolonged cycling and carries the risk of impotence in the long run if unchecked. It is also known as pudendal neuralgia or pudendal nerve entrapment syndrome [In stricter sense, Pudendal nerve entrapment could be due to other causes as well.] The injuries and symptoms […]

Congenital scoliosis types

Congenital Scoliosis – Causes and Treatment

Congenital scoliosis is the curvature due to the imbalance of growth of the spine caused by the presence of vertebral defects. Congenital scoliosis is the most frequent congenital deformity of the spine, the two others being congenital kyphosis and congenital lordosis. The prevalence of congenital scoliosis is estimated at 1-4%. Causes and Associations Most of […]

talus left medial view

Talus Bone Anatomy

Talus is a tarsal bone of hindfoot. There are about 26 bones in the human foot grouped into 3 parts – tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, and phalanges. The foot itself can be divided into 3 parts Hindfoot or rearfoot Midfoot Forefoot Hindfoot is formed by talus and calcaneus, two of the seven tarsal bones. Rest […]

qCT or quantitative computed tomography vertebra

Quantitative computed tomography or QCT

Quantitative computed tomography is a procedure which uses CT scan for quantitative assessment of the bones or bone mineral density. It is mainly used in osteoporotic patients.  By Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease, characterized by low bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. […]

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