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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

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Foot Ankle

Bunion [Hallux Valgus]- Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

bunion and hallux valgus

Bunion is a bony bump, often painful, enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint). Bunion is a foot deformity, usually associated with hallux valgus [hallux refers to the great toe, “valgus” refers to the abnormal angulation of the great toe], a deformity of the toe […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Os Vesalianum – The Accessory Bone of Fifth Metatarsal

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Accessory bone Os velanium of the foot

What is Os Vesalianum Os vesalianum pedis is an accessory bone of the foot located proximal to the fifth metatarsal and found within the peroneus brevis tendon. It is a rare occurrence. The reported incidence is between 0.1% and 0.4%. This ossicle is without any symptoms generally but often can become painful. It is often […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Chronic Ankle Instability Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

End to end repair in chronic ankle instability

Chronic ankle instability has is seen in about 20% of people who suffer from acute ankle sprains. It often causes recurrent sprains. About 80% of acute ankle sprains reach full recovery with initial non-operative management, rest develop chronic symptoms resulting in chronic ankle instability. [Please go through Acute ankle sprains to get a better perspective […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

High Ankle Sprains or Syndesmotic Sprains

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Bimalleolar Fracture With Ankle Subluxation With Tibifibular Diastasis

High ankle sprains, also known as syndesmotic sprains, are sprains of the syndesmotic ligaments that connect distal ends of the tibia and fibula. High ankle sprains [because they are located above the ankle] comprise approximately 15% of all ankle sprains. These injuries are mostly external rotation injuries Most of these occur in conjunction with ankle fractures and rarely in isolated form. […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Ankle Sprain Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Ankle sprain of second degree, image in PD from W

Ankle sprain accounts for up to 40% of all athletic injuries and is most commonly seen in athletes participating in basketball, soccer, running, and ballet/dance. The ankle sprain is usually caused by an inversion-type twisting injury. About eighty percent of acute ankle sprains recover completely, 20% develop mechanical or functional instability resulting in chronic ankle […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Ankle Pain Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Ankle pain causes and treatment

Ankle pain can originate in ankle joint or surrounding tissues. The ankle joint is a weight-bearing hinged joint and ankle pain can be caused by injury or disease of the ankle joint or surrounding tissues. The present article is a general overview of causes and treatment of ankle pain. Relevant Anatomy [Read detailed anatomy of […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Accessory Navicular Bone Syndrome

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Accessory Navicular bone

Accessory navicular bone or os tibiale externum, or os naviculare accessorium, is a large accessory ossicle [small bone] that can be present adjacent to the medial side of the navicular bone. The tibialis posterior tendon which normally inserts on the navicular attached to the ossicle when present. An accessory navicular bone is present in 10-12% of the population and first appears in adolescence. […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Calcaneus Fracture – Causes, Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Anatomy of Calcaneus

Calcaneus fracture or os calcis represent 2% of all fractures seen in adults. The os calcis is the most frequently fractured tarsal bone and accounts for more than 60% of tarsal fractures. Calcaneus is the bone that forms the heel. Calcaneus fractures are most commonly seen in young men. Extra-articular fractures account for 30% of […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle, Trauma

Components of Orthopedic Shoes

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Parts of Shoe

Shoe serves a variety of functional and cosmetic purposes. For the individual with an orthopedic disorder, footwear can be selected to minimize pressure on sensitive, deformed structures. Shoes can be modified to redistribute weight toward pain-free areas to improve the comfort and function of the foot, limb, and trunk. The shoe is also is the […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Ankle Dislocation Without Fracture

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Dislocation of Ankle

Ankle dislocation often occurs with fractures of ankle bones especially malleolar fractures and talar fractures. A significant force is required to dislocate the ankle without the fracture. There is an inherent stability of the tibiotalar joint, therefore dislocation of the ankle joint is rarely seen without an associated fracture. Usually, any dislocations that do occur […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

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Radius fracture Fracture fixed with DCP

Fracture Reduction and Fixation – Principles, Types and Application

Fracture reduction is the method by which the fractured bones are reduced to the best possible anatomical alignment for the given situation. When a fracture reduction has achieved its objective the fracture is said to be reduced. Fracture fixation is the term used when the fractured fragments are held in a reduced position. Depending on […]

knee and patella

Anatomy of Patella

The patella or kneecap is the sesamoid that lies within the quadriceps tendon/patellar ligament and forms part of the knee joint and is situated in front of the lower end of femur appx 1 cm above the knee joint. If it lies higher, it is called patella alta and if it is lower, it is […]

Parsonage Turner Syndrome

Parsonage Turner Syndrome

Parsonage Turner syndrome or brachial neuritis is a rare disorder which affects lower motor neurons of brachial plexus and/or nerves and their branches and is manifested by acute shoulder pain followed by weakness of the muscles of the shoulder. It is capable of leaving residual disability in 10-20% patients. It also is known as neuralgic […]

Causes of knee pain

Knee Pain Causes and Treatment

Knee pain is one of the common complaints that people seek consultation for. Knee pain can be acute or chronic. Acute knee pains can be caused by an acute injury or infection. Chronic knee pains could follow an episode of acute pain but also could start insidiously and progress with time. Repetitive injuries, inflammatory diseases, […]

womac physical function

WOMAC Index

WOMAC index or  Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritic Index is used to assess the course of disease or response to treatment in patients with knee or hip osteoarthritis. Initially developed in 1982, the WOMAC has undergone multiple revisions. What Does WOMAC  Measure? WOMAC measures of three subscales on a scale of 0-4.  [None – […]

Internal fixation of Distal TIbia Plate In Fractures of Distal Tibia

Internal Fixation of Fractures – Principles and Devices

Internal fixation of the bone is a type of fixation where the fixing device is not exposed to outside environment as it is buried under the soft tissue. This is in contrast to external fixation. Bone acts as a supporting structure and transmits load. Different forces that act on bone are compression, tension and shear. […]

Deformity After Fracture Clavicle

Clavicle Fracture Diagnosis, Treatment and Complication

Clavicle fracture is often caused by a fall onto an outstretched hand, fall onto the shoulder, a direct blow to the shoulder. Eighty-seven percent get fracture clavicle due to fall onto the shoulder. Direct trauma to clavicle can occur with either blunt or penetrating trauma. Sporting activities that may result in direct trauma to the […]

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