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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

Knee

Anterior Knee Pain Scale- Use and Limitations

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

anterior knee pain scale

The anterior knee pain scale is a patient-reported assessment of symptoms and functional limitations in patellofemoral disorders. It was first published in 1993 by Kujala et al. The questions on the Kujala questionnaire add to total of100 points. Anterior knee pain results in significant symptoms and activity limitations. The anterior knee pain scale is a […]

Filed Under: Knee

Posterior Cruciate Ligament injury or PCL Injury

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

posterior cruciate ligament injury

Posterior cruciate ligament injury or PCL injury is less common than the anterior cruciate ligament injury.  A posterior cruciate ligament tear may result in disability ranging from no impairment to severe impairment. The primary function of the PCL is to prevent posterior translation of the tibia on the femur. The posterior cruciate ligament is also important […]

Filed Under: Knee

Genu Recurvatum or Knee Hyperextension

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Genu Recurvatum in a child

Genu recurvatum is a deformity in the knee  where the knee angulates backwards because of hyperextension occurs in the tibiofemoral joint [the knee goes further into extension beyond the neutral] Genu recurvatum is also called knee hyperextension and back knee. Depending upon hyperextension, the recurvatum could be mild, moderate or severe. The normal range of motion of the knee joint is from […]

Filed Under: Knee

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury or ACL Injury

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

anterior cruciate ligament injury

Anterior cruciate ligament injury is a very common injury of the knee. It may occur in isolation or along with other soft tissue or bony injury of the knee. Anterior cruciate ligament injury or ACL injury most commonly results from a low velocity, noncontact deceleration injuries or pivoting injuries and contact injuries with a rotational […]

Filed Under: Knee

Trochlear Dysplasia of Femur

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

trochlear bump measurement

Trochlear dysplasia refers to a pathologic alteration in the shape of the femoral trochlea. Trochlea is also called facies patellaris, intercondylar groove, or intercondylar sulcus. Normal trochlea is sufficiently concave to guide and retain the patella throughout the normal range of movement. However trochlear dysplasia may cause the groove to be shallower than normal or […]

Filed Under: Knee

Patellar Translation or TT TG Distance

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Calculation of Tibial Tuberosity - Trochlear Groove Distance

Patellar translation is the distance between tibial tubercle and trochlear groove and is also called TT-TG distance. It is measured on CT or MRI by overlapping or superimposing axial images of the femoral condyles and tibial tuberosity. The measurements are used to quantify patellar instability. The position of the tibial tubercle is crucial for the inferolateral force […]

Filed Under: Knee

Patellar Instability – Causes, Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Patella ligament stabilizers

Patellar instability or Patellofemoral instability is a frequent cause of symptoms of anterior knee pain and episodes of mechanical instability. It is also called patellar subluxation syndrome. There is a difference between symptoms of instability and patellar dislocation, though the former may cause the latter to happen. The term can denote a sign on physical examination or […]

Filed Under: Knee

Patella Baja or Low Lying Patella

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Different ratios for calculating patellar height

Patella Baja or patella infera is an abnormally low lying patella [compare with patella alta, the high riding patella]. It is associated with a restricted range of motion, crepitations, and retropatellar pain. Patella baja could be congenital, acquired, or a combination of the two is commonly encountered in total knee arthroplasty. Any cause that would lead to […]

Filed Under: Knee

Patella Alta Causes, Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Camelback Sign Patella Alta

Patella alta, or a high riding patella, is a situation where the position of the patella is considered high in relation to distal femur. It may be idiopathic or may result secondary to an injury or disease process. The patella is up and above the knee joint instead of a normal position in the groove. As […]

Filed Under: Knee

Patellar Height Measurement – Insall Salvati, Blackburne-Peel and Caton-Deschamps Indices

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Different indices for patellar height measurement

Patellar height measurement becomes important in the diagnosis of patella alta and patella baja. Patella alta is a condition where the patella is high riding than its normal position. Patella baja refers to low lying position of the patella. Both conditions have been discussed separately. Measurement of patellar height can confirm or rule out the […]

Filed Under: Knee

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Ligaments of knee

Knee Anatomy and Significance

Knee anatomy involves the anatomy of the knee joint and surrounding structures. The knee joint consists of the lateral femorotibial , medial femorotibial , and femoropatellar joints. It is is the largest and most complex joint of the body. It is a compound synovial joint incorporating two condylar joints between the condyles of the femur […]

Cold Abscess Causes, Presentation and Treatment

The term cold abscess refers to an abscess [An Abscess is a collection of liquefied tissue(pus) in the body] where typical signs of abscess [warmth, redness, tenderness,] are absent. The prefix cold indicates that the abscess is not hot because that is the usual case. Thus a cold abscess is not accompanied by the classical […]

Short Leg Cast

Fiberglass Cast – Indications, Application and Care

A fiberglass cast is the plaster cast made from fiberglass material which is s a lighter, synthetic alternative plaster of Paris. Fiberglass is also called glass-reinforced plastic[GRP] or glass fiber reinforced plastic [GFRP] is a fiber reinforced polymer made of a plastic matrix reinforced by fine fibers of glass. The fiberglass cast is also popularly […]

charite disc and xray. One of the motion preservation surgeries

Motion Preservation Surgery of Spine

Motion preservation surgery in the spine refers to a group of surgeries which aim at preservation of the spine motion by replicating normal or near normal biomechanics. The fundamental to all these surgeries is the use of devices, that replicate these functions. Decompression and fusion are classic procedures of spine surgery. Motion preservation surgeries are […]

Ischial Bursitis - Location

Ischial Bursitis or Ishiogluteal Bursitis

Ischial bursitis or ischiogluteal bursitis is inflammation of ischiogluteal bursa and is a cause of pain in the buttock. Ischiogluteal bursa is located between the ischial tuberosity and tendon of hamstring muscles at ischial tuberosity. Hamstring muscles during activity produce tension to the hamstring tendon causing friction on the ischiogluteal bursa. During sitting the weight […]

Deformity in seymour fracutre is due to different insertion levels of flexor and extensor tendons

Seymour Fracture – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

The Seymour fracture is a physeal fracture of the distal phalanx with associated nail bed injury. Often there is associated subluxation of the nail (ungual subluxation). It is a mallet finger type injury. It is estimated that 20-30% of phalangeal fractures involve the physis in children. Physeal injuries of the middle finger are most common. […]

osteochondroma of femur

Osteochondroma and Multiple Hereditary Exostoses

Osteochondroma is a cartilage-capped bony projection on the external surface of a bone and is considered a non-neoplastic anomaly similar to hamartoma. It can occur as a  solitary lesion or as multiple hereditary exostoses associated with anomalies of skeletal modeling. Solitary osteochondroma is a developmental anomaly of bone that results in the formation of an […]

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