For surgery, the hip can be approached by many surgical approaches. The choice of particular approach is based on the procedure and need for exposure of a particular part, associated shaft or acetabular fixation and the preference of the surgeon. There are numerous approaches and some are modifications of original approaches. Most of the approaches […]
Lower Limb
Posterior Cruciate Ligament injury or PCL Injury
Posterior cruciate ligament injury or PCL injury is less common than the anterior cruciate ligament injury. A posterior cruciate ligament tear may result in disability ranging from no impairment to severe impairment. The primary function of the PCL is to prevent posterior translation of the tibia on the femur. The posterior cruciate ligament is also important […]
Calcaneus Fracture – Causes, Presentation and Treatment
Calcaneus fracture or os calcis represent 2% of all fractures seen in adults. The os calcis is the most frequently fractured tarsal bone and accounts for more than 60% of tarsal fractures. Calcaneus is the bone that forms the heel. Calcaneus fractures are most commonly seen in young men. Extra-articular fractures account for 30% of […]
Genu Recurvatum or Knee Hyperextension
Genu recurvatum is a deformity in the knee where the knee angulates backwards because of hyperextension occurs in the tibiofemoral joint [the knee goes further into extension beyond the neutral] Genu recurvatum is also called knee hyperextension and back knee. Depending upon hyperextension, the recurvatum could be mild, moderate or severe. The normal range of motion of the knee joint is from […]
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury or ACL Injury
Anterior cruciate ligament injury is a very common injury of the knee. It may occur in isolation or along with other soft tissue or bony injury of the knee. Anterior cruciate ligament injury or ACL injury most commonly results from a low velocity, noncontact deceleration injuries or pivoting injuries and contact injuries with a rotational […]
Trochlear Dysplasia of Femur
Trochlear dysplasia refers to a pathologic alteration in the shape of the femoral trochlea. Trochlea is also called facies patellaris, intercondylar groove, or intercondylar sulcus. Normal trochlea is sufficiently concave to guide and retain the patella throughout the normal range of movement. However trochlear dysplasia may cause the groove to be shallower than normal or […]
Patellar Translation or TT TG Distance
Patellar translation is the distance between tibial tubercle and trochlear groove and is also called TT-TG distance. It is measured on CT or MRI by overlapping or superimposing axial images of the femoral condyles and tibial tuberosity. The measurements are used to quantify patellar instability. The position of the tibial tubercle is crucial for the inferolateral force […]
Patellar Instability – Causes, Presentation and Treatment
Patellar instability or Patellofemoral instability is a frequent cause of symptoms of anterior knee pain and episodes of mechanical instability. It is also called patellar subluxation syndrome. There is a difference between symptoms of instability and patellar dislocation, though the former may cause the latter to happen. The term can denote a sign on physical examination or […]
Patella Baja or Low Lying Patella
Patella Baja or patella infera is an abnormally low lying patella [compare with patella alta, the high riding patella]. It is associated with a restricted range of motion, crepitations, and retropatellar pain. Patella baja could be congenital, acquired, or a combination of the two is commonly encountered in total knee arthroplasty. Any cause that would lead to […]
Patella Alta Causes, Presentation and Treatment
Patella alta, or a high riding patella, is a situation where the position of the patella is considered high in relation to distal femur. It may be idiopathic or may result secondary to an injury or disease process. The patella is up and above the knee joint instead of a normal position in the groove. As […]