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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

Lower Limb

Lower Limb Orthoses – Components and Functions

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

weight bearing devices for orthosis

Lower limb orthoses are advised for a variety of dysfunctions of the lower limb. Most of the lower limb orthoses use prefabricated components which are made of either stainless steel or aluminum. Stainless steel is more durable but aluminum is lighter. Below Knee Orthoses Below knee orthosis has a primary function of controlling ankle joint. It […]

Filed Under: Lower Limb

Genu Varum or Bow Legs Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

genu varum rickets

This gives the limb an overall the appearance of an archer’s bow. This condition may present from infancy through adulthood and has a variety of causes. The problem may be unilateral which would result in functional leg length discrepancy or bilateral. It is interesting to note that almost all babies are born bow-legged. By the time […]

Filed Under: Knee

Components of Orthopedic Shoes

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Parts of Shoe

Shoe serves a variety of functional and cosmetic purposes. For the individual with an orthopedic disorder, footwear can be selected to minimize pressure on sensitive, deformed structures. Shoes can be modified to redistribute weight toward pain-free areas to improve the comfort and function of the foot, limb, and trunk. The shoe is also is the […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Posterolateral Corner Injury of Knee

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

posterior knee ligaments

The posterolateral corner injury is commonly associated with anterior cruciate or posterior cruciate ligament injuries. Isolated injuries to posterolateral corner are rare. The injury usually occurs by a blow to the anteromedial knee, a varus blow to the flexed knee, hyperextension injuries and knee dislocation. Peroneal nerve injuries are commonly associated. Once referred to as […]

Filed Under: Knee

Genu Valgum Causes, Evaluation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Man with genu valgum following knee injury

The term genu valgum or valgus knee is used to describe knock-knee deformity. Knock-knee deformity is commonly seen as-as a passing trait in otherwise healthy children but some individuals retain or develop this deformity due to hereditary, metabolic or other causes. As genu valgum is a normal physiologic process in children, therefore it is critical […]

Filed Under: Knee

Segond fracture and Reverse Segond Fracture

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

X-ray of Segond fracture, Image from Wikipedia in public domain

Segond fracture is a type of the lateral condyle of the tibia, immediately beyond its articular surface. It is a type of avulsion fracture. An avulsion fracture is a fracture that occurs due to soft tissue pull on the bone resulting in breakage of the chip of bone. In most of the cases, Segond fracture […]

Filed Under: Knee

Percutaneous fixation of Medial Malleolus Fracture

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

C-arm image shows the first screw is being inserted after drilling. The fracture was held in position by by a Kwire before screw was inserted

This article depicts the percutaneous fixation of medial malleolus fracture. The fracture was the vertical type and minimally displaced. The patient had a history of twisting of ankle and broke medial malleolus. Following is the anterior and posterior x-rays of ankle showing the medial malleolus x-ray. Being an active adult patient and considering the configuration […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle, Procedures

Knee Dislocation Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Kennedy classification of knee dislocation

Knee dislocation is a relatively rare injury, representing about 0.2% of all orthopedic injuries. Because of association with neural and vascular injury, is important to be recognized. A missed injury could lead to loss of limb. Motor vehicle collision or fall from height are usual causes. A dashboard injury resulting in axial load to the […]

Filed Under: Knee

Meniscal Tear Causes, Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Types of Meniscal tear

Meniscal injuries or meniscal tear are common sports-related injury among adults. These are less common in skeletally immature persons and very rare in children younger than 10 years. The injuries are more common in males than females. The second peak of incidence is observed in elderly persons older than 55 years secondary to the degenerate […]

Filed Under: Knee

Ankle Dislocation Without Fracture

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Dislocation of Ankle

Ankle dislocation often occurs with fractures of ankle bones especially malleolar fractures and talar fractures. A significant force is required to dislocate the ankle without the fracture. There is an inherent stability of the tibiotalar joint, therefore dislocation of the ankle joint is rarely seen without an associated fracture. Usually, any dislocations that do occur […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

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coracoacrmial arch

Humeral Avulsion of Glenohumeral ligament or HAGL

Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament or HAGL refers to avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL) from its humeral insertion. When it is associated with a bony avulsion fracture, it is called as bony humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (BHAGL lesion). Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament is often seen in young men engaged in contact sports […]

Calluses in hand

Interesting Names for Common Calluses

Callus is hyperkeratotic thickening due to repetitive friction. Presentation of calluses and corns are discussed here. In this article, I am writing about the commonly used terms for different types of calluses. These are vernacular terms and are interesting to note as they try to convey the etiology. Jeweler’s callus or  Cherry Pitter’s thumb or […]

Watson jones approach of hip

Surgical Approaches to Hip and Proximal Femur

For surgery, the hip can be approached by many surgical approaches. The choice of particular approach is based on the procedure and need for exposure of a particular part, associated shaft or acetabular fixation and the preference of the surgeon. There are numerous approaches and some are modifications of original approaches. Most of the approaches […]

Achondroplasia Image

Achondroplasia – Features and Treatment

Achondroplasia is a form of short-limbed dwarfism or short stature that has abnormal maturation of growth plate chondroblasts. The word achondroplasia literally means “without cartilage formation”. However, the actual problem in achondroplasia is not formation of the cartilage but ossification. Hypochondroplasia is a similar problem, but the features of achondroplasia tend to be more severe. […]

Stages of disc herniation

Spinal Disc Herniation

Spinal disc herniation is a condition in which a tear in the annulus fibrosus (Outer firmer ring) of an intervertebral disc allows the soft, central portion (nucleus pulposus) to bulge out. Due to that adjacent neural structures may get compressed and produce symptoms of radiculopathy. Following diagram would make it easier to comprehend how a […]

long bone anatomy

Long Bone Anatomy and Blood Supply

Each long bone has an elongated shaft or diaphysis and two expanded ends (epiphyses) which are smooth and articular. The shaft typically has 3 surfaces separated by 3 borders, a central medullary cavity, and a nutrient foramen directed away from the growing end.  Limb bones are typical long bones. Examples are humerus, radius, ulna, femur, […]

bilateral wrist xrays

Arthritis – Definition, Types, Symptoms and Treatment

Arthritis [Plural – arthritides]  means inflammation in joint. The term includes all the causes of joint inflammation which are about hundred in number. Pain is the most frequent complaint, the pattern of which may differ with arthritis type. Thought arthritis has many causes, the common outcome is the deterioration of joint surfaces and progressive loss of […]

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Flexible Spinal Orthoses – Corsets and Belts

Flexible spinal orthoses such as corsets and belts are commonly used in the treatment of back problems.Following types of flexible spinal orthoses … [Read More...] about Flexible Spinal Orthoses – Corsets and Belts

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