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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

Lower Limb

Patellar Height Measurement – Insall Salvati, Blackburne-Peel and Caton-Deschamps Indices

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Different indices for patellar height measurement

Patellar height measurement becomes important in the diagnosis of patella alta and patella baja. Patella alta is a condition where the patella is high riding than its normal position. Patella baja refers to low lying position of the patella. Both conditions have been discussed separately. Measurement of patellar height can confirm or rule out the […]

Filed Under: Knee

Lower Limb Orthoses – Components and Functions

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

weight bearing devices for orthosis

Lower limb orthoses are advised for a variety of dysfunctions of the lower limb. Most of the lower limb orthoses use prefabricated components which are made of either stainless steel or aluminum. Stainless steel is more durable but aluminum is lighter. Below Knee Orthoses Below knee orthosis has a primary function of controlling ankle joint. It […]

Filed Under: Lower Limb

Genu Varum or Bow Legs Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

genu varum rickets

This gives the limb an overall the appearance of an archer’s bow. This condition may present from infancy through adulthood and has a variety of causes. The problem may be unilateral which would result in functional leg length discrepancy or bilateral. It is interesting to note that almost all babies are born bow-legged. By the time […]

Filed Under: Knee

Components of Orthopedic Shoes

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Parts of Shoe

Shoe serves a variety of functional and cosmetic purposes. For the individual with an orthopedic disorder, footwear can be selected to minimize pressure on sensitive, deformed structures. Shoes can be modified to redistribute weight toward pain-free areas to improve the comfort and function of the foot, limb, and trunk. The shoe is also is the […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

Posterolateral Corner Injury of Knee

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

posterior knee ligaments

The posterolateral corner injury is commonly associated with anterior cruciate or posterior cruciate ligament injuries. Isolated injuries to posterolateral corner are rare. The injury usually occurs by a blow to the anteromedial knee, a varus blow to the flexed knee, hyperextension injuries and knee dislocation. Peroneal nerve injuries are commonly associated. Once referred to as […]

Filed Under: Knee

Genu Valgum Causes, Evaluation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Man with genu valgum following knee injury

The term genu valgum or valgus knee is used to describe knock-knee deformity. Knock-knee deformity is commonly seen as-as a passing trait in otherwise healthy children but some individuals retain or develop this deformity due to hereditary, metabolic or other causes. As genu valgum is a normal physiologic process in children, therefore it is critical […]

Filed Under: Knee

Segond fracture and Reverse Segond Fracture

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

X-ray of Segond fracture, Image from Wikipedia in public domain

Segond fracture is a type of the lateral condyle of the tibia, immediately beyond its articular surface. It is a type of avulsion fracture. An avulsion fracture is a fracture that occurs due to soft tissue pull on the bone resulting in breakage of the chip of bone. In most of the cases, Segond fracture […]

Filed Under: Knee

Knee Dislocation Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Kennedy classification of knee dislocation

Knee dislocation is a relatively rare injury, representing about 0.2% of all orthopedic injuries. Because of association with neural and vascular injury, is important to be recognized. A missed injury could lead to loss of limb. Motor vehicle collision or fall from height are usual causes. A dashboard injury resulting in axial load to the […]

Filed Under: Knee

Meniscal Tear Causes, Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Types of Meniscal tear

Meniscal injuries or meniscal tear are common sports-related injury among adults. These are less common in skeletally immature persons and very rare in children younger than 10 years. The injuries are more common in males than females. The second peak of incidence is observed in elderly persons older than 55 years secondary to the degenerate […]

Filed Under: Knee

Ankle Dislocation Without Fracture

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Dislocation of Ankle

Ankle dislocation often occurs with fractures of ankle bones especially malleolar fractures and talar fractures. A significant force is required to dislocate the ankle without the fracture. There is an inherent stability of the tibiotalar joint, therefore dislocation of the ankle joint is rarely seen without an associated fracture. Usually, any dislocations that do occur […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle

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purine rich foods

Purines and Foods Rich in Purines

Purines are natural substances that form part of the chemical structure of our genes and the genes of plants and animals. Though these are present in many foods, a relatively small number of foods contain concentrated amounts of them. By and large, these foods are also high-protein foods. Examples are meats like kidney, fish like […]

Xray of Kohler Disease showing flattening of navicular bone

Kohler Disease or Navicular Osteochondrosis

Kohler disease is osteochondrosis of the navicular bone, first described by Kohler in 1908. In this condition also called navicular osteochondrosis, there is avascular necrosis navicular bone. Alban Kohler was a German radiologist who first described this condition. Exact occurrence of Kohler disease is not known. The disorder is more frequent in children aged 5-10 […]

top view of bony pelvis

Bony Pelvis Anatomy

The pelvic region of the trunk is the lower part of the trunk, between the abdomen and the thighs. It includes the following structures. Bony pelvis or pelvic skeleton is formed by hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx. Anatomy of the pelvis includes anatomy of the bony pelvis and its contents. In this article, we would discuss […]

Medial Epicondyltis or Golfers elbow

Medial Epicondylitis or Golfers Elbow

Golfers elbow or medial epicondylitis is overuse tendinopathy that can be associated with golfing, racquet sports [most likely due to valgus stresses placed at medial epicondyle], throwing sports, bowlers, archers, and weightlifters. Just as lateral epicondyle is the site for the origin of wrist and hand extensors, medial epicondyle is the site for wrist and […]

Medial Winging of Scapula due to Long Thoracic Nerve Palsy

Scapular Winging – Causes, Types and Treatment

Scapular winging or winged scapula refers to a dysfunction involving the stabilizing muscles of the scapula resulting in imbalance and abnormal motion of the scapula and causing protrusion or prominence of scapula bone. Winging of the scapula is a rare but potentially debilitating condition that can affect the ability to lift, pull, and push heavy […]

Fungal Arthritis Causes and Treatment

Fungal arthritis is an infection of a joint by a fungus. A normal person is quite resistant to fungal infection. Fungal infection is known to be an opportunistic infection. Alteration of human flora, disruption of mucocutaneous membranes and impairment of the immune system may predispose to the fungal infection. Fungi may enter the joint by […]

clavicle bone or collarbone as seen on surface

Clavicle Anatomy and Attachments

The clavicle elongated, S-shaped bone that lies horizontally between the sternum and the acromial end of the scapula. It is an important connection between the axial skeleton and the pectoral girdle. The pectoral girdle or the shoulder girdle is the term used for bones in the appendicular skeleton which connects to the arm on each […]

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Ulnar Nerve Anatomy, Course and Supply

The ulnar nerve, an extension of the medial cord of the brachial plexus, is a mixed nerve (both motor and sensory) that supplies hand muscles and … [Read More...] about Ulnar Nerve Anatomy, Course and Supply

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