Lower Limb

Patellar height measurement becomes important in the diagnosis of patella alta and patella baja. Patella alta is a condition where the patella is high riding than its normal position. Patella baja refers to low lying position of the patella. Both conditions have been discussed separately. Measurement of patellar height can confirm or rule out the […]

This gives the limb an overall the appearance of an archer’s bow. This condition may present from infancy through adulthood and has a variety of causes. The problem may be unilateral which would result in functional leg length discrepancy or bilateral. It is interesting to note that almost all babies are born bow-legged. By the time […]

The posterolateral corner injury is commonly associated with anterior cruciate or posterior cruciate ligament injuries. Isolated injuries to posterolateral corner are rare. The injury usually occurs by a blow to the anteromedial knee, a varus blow to the flexed knee, hyperextension injuries and knee dislocation. Peroneal nerve injuries are commonly associated. Once referred to as […]

The term genu valgum or valgus knee is used to describe knock-knee deformity. Knock-knee deformity is commonly seen as-as a passing trait in otherwise healthy children but some individuals retain or develop this deformity due to hereditary, metabolic or other causes. As genu valgum is a normal physiologic process in children, therefore it is critical […]

Segond fracture is a type of the lateral condyle of the tibia, immediately beyond its articular surface. It is a type of avulsion fracture. An avulsion fracture is a fracture that occurs due to soft tissue pull on the bone resulting in breakage of the chip of bone. In most of the cases, Segond fracture […]

Knee dislocation is a relatively rare injury, representing about 0.2% of all orthopedic injuries. Because of association with neural and vascular injury, is important to be recognized. A missed injury could lead to loss of limb. Motor vehicle collision or fall from height are usual causes. A dashboard injury resulting in axial load to the […]

Meniscal injuries or meniscal tear are common sports-related injury among adults. These are less common in skeletally immature persons and very rare in children younger than 10 years. The injuries are more common in males than females. The second peak of incidence is observed in elderly persons older than 55 years secondary to the degenerate […]