Malleolar fractures are types of ankle injuries which include fractures malleolar regions of tibia and fibula [medial and posterior malleoli arise from the tibia, distal end of the fibula is called lateral malleolus] and/or associated ligaments. They are intraarticular injuries because the malleoli form part of the ankle joint. These fractures are frequently associated with […]
Lower Limb
Ottawa Ankle Rules for Ankle Injury Radiography
Ankle injuries are very common injuries and not all ankle injuries require x-ray evaluation. Ottawa ankle rules for ankle injury radiography is an attempt to answer when the x-rays should be done in cases of ankle injuries. Because the rule is sensitive and not specific, it provides a clear guide of which patients not to […]
Ankle Fractures and Dislocations Injuries
Ankle fractures are actually groups fractures involving different parts of the region – the distal tibia, distal fibula, talus, and calcaneus. More often they are referred to fractures involving malleoli, distal tibia, and fibula. But ankle fractures also include the fractures of talus and calcaneum along with above-mentioned injuries. The group also includes fracture pattern […]
Floating knee Injuries in Adults and Children
Floating knee refers to the fracture of ipsilateral [same side] fractures of tibia and femur. This makes knee unattached to tibia or femur, therefore name floating knee is given. The word floating knee was introduced for the first time by McBryde in 1965. Floating knee injuries may include a combination of diaphyseal, metaphyseal, and intra-articular […]
Pilon Fractures of Tibia – Presentation and Treatment
Pilon fractures or plafond fracture are fractures of the distal part of tibia involving its articular surface at the ankle joint. Pilon is a French word for pestle, an instrument used for crushing or pounding. Pilon fractures account for approximately 10% of tibial fractures. These fractures involve the dome of the distal tibial articular surface […]
Tibial Shaft Fractures
Tibial shaft fractures are often the result of the high-energy injury. Sometimes they can also be insidious in onset, such as stress fractures. Motor vehicles, snowmobiles, and motorcycles, as well as the growing popularity of extreme sports, contribute to the increasing occurrence of tibial shaft fractures. The tibia is currently the most commonly fractured long bone […]
Tibial Plateau Fractures
Tibial plateau fractures signify periarticular fractures of the proximal tibia frequently associated with soft tissue injuries. These fractures, being in load-bearing area affect knee alignment, stability, and motion. Appropriate treatment of these fractures is critical to minimize disability and reducing the risk of complications like posttraumatic arthritis. Most of these injuries are the motor vehicle–related […]
True and Apparent Leg Length Measurement
True and apparent leg length refer to limb lengths in absolute terms and in compensated forms. The limb length measurement is used to find leg length discrepancy if any. When there is a shortening of the limb, the body compensates by tilting the pelvis down, equinus position of the foot and flexion of the opposite […]
Proximal Tibia Fractures or Fractures of Upper third of Tibia
Proximal tibia fractures refer to fractures of the upper portion of tibia below the knee. These fractures could be intra-articular or extra-articular. Intra-articular fractures are also called tibial plateau fractures and have been discussed separately. This article would restrict to non-articular fractures of the proximal tibia. These fractures include metaphysic and diaphysis of the tibia […]
Distal Femur Fractures Presentation and Treatment
Distal femur fractures have traditionally been associated with young patients but are increasing in the geriatric population. They are commonly found in young, healthy males and elderly osteopenic females. With increased use of prostheses, periprosthetic fractures becoming more common These fractures require anatomically stable fixation. The fractures represent high energy injury in young patients whereas […]