Metabolic DIsorders Affecting Bone

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is the overproduction of parathyroid hormone secondary to a chronic abnormal stimulus for its production. In contrast to primary hyperparathyroidism, the parathyroid glands are not abnormal. In contrast, the primary hyperparathyroidism is due to unregulated secretion of parathyroid hormone and is not in response to any stimuli. But secondary hyperparathyroidism is due to […]

Primary hyperparathyroidism is state of high levels of parathyroid hormone due to unregulated overproduction of parathyroid hormone. It is also known by the names osteitis fibrosa cystica, von Recklinghausen’s disease and parathyrotoxicosis. Physiology of Parathyroid Hormone Parathyroid hormone plays an important role in the metabolism of calcium and hyperparathyroidism results in abnormal calcium homeostasis. Parathyroid […]

Seronegative spondyloarthropathy is a group of diseases affecting axial skeleton and share common features. Actually, the term spondyloarthropathy or spondyloarthrosis means diseases of joints of the vertebral column in contrast to the term spondylopathy which means disease of the vertebra itself. However, the use of the term includes diseases of vertebral joints and vertebra both. […]

Paget disease of bone was first described by James in 1877 who described it as chronic inflammation of the bone and called it osteitis deformans. However, the preferred term is osteodystrophia deformans. Paget disease is a localized disorder of bone remodeling that typically begins with excessive bone resorption by osteoclasts, followed by an increase in […]

Gout is a type of crystal-induced arthropathy caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals. It is most often associated with high levels of uric acid called hyperuricemia. Another example of crystal-induced arthropathy is pseudogout. Uric acid is a breakdown product of purines which are natural substances found in all of the body’s cells, and […]

Melorheostosis is a rare benign, painful disorder of the extremities characterized by the formation of periosteal new bone leading to a wax-like appearance of the bone.  It was first described by Andre Leri (1875-1930)  and J Joanny. The term is derived from melos+rhe [limb+flow in Greek] due to its characteristic appearance of flowing hyperostosis. Melorheostosis […]

Digital X-ray radiogrammetry is an automated digital version of the traditional technique of radiogrammetry. Radiogrammetry is a technique that uses a conventional radiograph to assess bone status by using cortical width as a measure of bone strength. While radiogrammetery is done on a manual basis, in digital x-ray radiogrammetery, a digital x-ray of the hand […]

Marfan syndrome is an inherited connective-tissue disorder transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait which has features like tall stature, ectopia lentis, mitral valve prolapse, aortic root dilatation, and aortic dissection. Pathophysiology Marfan syndrome results from mutations in the fibrillin-1  gene on chromosome 15, which encodes for the glycoprotein fibrillin. Fibrillin is used as a major […]

 Joint Hypermobility Benign Joint Hypermobility Syndrome Joint hypermobility or double-jointedness is said to be present when a joint that can be stretched beyond what is called normal range is normal. When generalized joint hypermobility is present with symptoms of muscle and joint pain, it is termed joint hypermobility syndrome. Joint hypermobility could be due to […]