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Bone and Spine

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Metabolic DIsorders Affecting Bone

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

secondary hyperparathyroidism in kidney failure

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is the overproduction of parathyroid hormone secondary to a chronic abnormal stimulus for its production. In contrast to primary hyperparathyroidism, the parathyroid glands are not abnormal. In contrast, the primary hyperparathyroidism is due to unregulated secretion of parathyroid hormone and is not in response to any stimuli. But secondary hyperparathyroidism is due to […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Primary Hyperparathyroidism – Symptoms and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Subperiosteal bone resorption and tuft . Not the radial side concavity on distal phalanges showing subperiosteal resorption

Primary hyperparathyroidism is state of high levels of parathyroid hormone due to unregulated overproduction of parathyroid hormone. It is also known by the names osteitis fibrosa cystica, von Recklinghausen’s disease and parathyrotoxicosis. Physiology of Parathyroid Hormone Parathyroid hormone plays an important role in the metabolism of calcium and hyperparathyroidism results in abnormal calcium homeostasis. Parathyroid […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

overlap of spondyloarthropathies

Seronegative spondyloarthropathy is a group of diseases affecting axial skeleton and share common features. Actually, the term spondyloarthropathy or spondyloarthrosis means diseases of joints of the vertebral column in contrast to the term spondylopathy which means disease of the vertebra itself. However, the use of the term includes diseases of vertebral joints and vertebra both. […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Paget Disease Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Normal bone and Bone in Paget Disease

Paget disease of bone was first described by James in 1877 who described it as chronic inflammation of the bone and called it osteitis deformans. The term osteitis deformans is now considered technically incorrect, and the preferred term is osteodystrophia deformans. Paget disease is a localized disorder of bone remodeling that typically begins with excessive […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Osteomalacia Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Deformed pelvis oseomalcia

Osteomalacia is a  metabolic bone disease where defective mineralization results in bone soften due to a large amount of unmineralized osteoid. Osteomalacia (mollities ossium) is characterized by softening of the bones because of an accumulation of osteoid tissue. Osteoid is the bone matrix which is mineralized to form bone. Like rickets, osteomalacia also affects the […]

Filed Under: General Ortho, Systemic Diseases

Gout – Causes, Symptoms, Prevention and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Gout is a type of crystal-induced arthropathy caused by deposition of uric acid crystals. It is most often associated with high levels of uric acid called hyperuricemia. Another example of crystal-induced arthropathy is pseudogout. Uric acid is a breakdown product of purines which are natural substances found in all of the body’s cells, and in […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

What is Melorheostosis?

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Melorheostosis (also known as Leri disease) is a rare dysplasia manifesting as regions of sclerosing bone with a characteristic dripping wax appearance or flowing candle wax appearance The disease, described by Leri and Joanny in 1922, is a rare, non-hereditary lesion. Patients with melorheostosis may have associated Vascular malformations Neurofibromatosis Hemangioma Arterial aneurysms Linear scleroderma […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

What Is Marfan Syndrome?

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Wrist sign in Marfan Syndrome

Marfan syndrome is an inherited connective-tissue disorder transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait which has features like tall stature, ectopia lentis, mitral valve prolapse, aortic root dilatation, and aortic dissection. Pathophysiology Marfan syndrome results from mutations in the fibrillin-1  gene on chromosome 15, which encodes for the glycoprotein fibrillin. Fibrillin is used as a major […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Hypermobile Joints and Benign Joint Hypermobility Syndrome

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Brighton Criteria For Joint Hypermobility Syndrome

Joint hypermobility or double-jointedness is said to be present when a joint that can be stretched beyond what is called normal range is normal. When generalized joint hypermobility is present with symptoms of muscle and joint pain, it is termed as Hypermobility syndrome. Joint hypermobility It could be due to Malaligned joints Joint with the […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Muckle Wells Syndrome

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

muckle wells syndrome

Muckle-Wells syndrome [Also known by the names of  UDA (Urticaria Deafness Amyloidosis) syndrome   is a rare autosomal dominant disease which results in Sensorineural deafness Recurrent hives Amyloidosis – A disease where abnormal deposition of amyloid occurs in various organs. Fevers Painful joints (arthritis) Muckle-Wells syndrome was first described in 1962 by Thomas James Muckle and […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

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repetitive strain injury

Repetitive Strain Injury – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Repetitive strain injury or RSI is a term describing the conditions where symptoms develop due to build of damage over the period, owing to repetitive motion. To say some person has repetitive strain injury or repetitive stress injury, other pathologies should not be present and the pain complaints can be related to repeated activities over […]

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Presentation and Treatment

Carpal tunnel syndrome refers to symptoms and signs that occur due to compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel, an osteofascial tunnel in the wrist. It is the most common form of compressive neuropathy of the median nerve causing numbness, paresthesias, and pain in the median nerve distribution in the hand. Anterior interosseous […]

pulled elbow

Pulled Elbow or Subluxation of Radial Head in Children

Pulled elbow is the term for subluxation of the radial head that affects children younger than 6 years, typically occurring due to a quick pull on a child’s arm. It is also called nursemaid elbow or babysitter’s elbow. It is an easily treatable condition. The left arm is more commonly involved, presumably because most caretakers […]

Xray of cervical spine after artificial cervical disc replacement surgery

Artificial Cervical Disc Replacement Surgery

Artificial cervical disc replacement is a procedure where an artificial device inserted between two vertebrae in the neck to replace a damaged disc. The natural disc allows load compression and allows motion between the bones in the neck. Conventional surgeries aim at fusing the adjoining vertebrae as a surgical measure for cervical disc disease. The […]

meniscus of knee

Meniscus Anatomy, Function and Significance

Knee menisci, two in number, are made of fibrocartilaginous tissue and present between lateral and medial condylar articulation of tibia and femur. Knee meniscus or simply meniscus refers to either the lateral or medial fibrocartilaginous structure. The menisci are also known as semi-lunar cartilages because of their crescent shape. Not very long ago, menisci were thought […]

skier's thumb or gamekeeper's thumb

Skier’s thumb – Causes, Symptoms and Teatment

Terms Skier’s thumb and Gamekeeper’s thumb are used for injuries to the ulnar collateral ligament of first metacarpal joint. While Gamekeeper’s thumb was the older term, Skier’s thumb is used more commonly. Ulnar collateral ligament injury of the metacarpal joint was found earlier in people of Europe who wrung the neck of the game like […]

A Typical Chance Fracture

Chance Fracture of Spine

Chance fracture is a flexion-distraction injury that involves only the osseous structures from posterior to anterior through the spinous process, pedicles, and vertebral body, respectively because the bony elements fail,  and ligamentous components remaining intact. In adults, the Chance fracture most commonly is found in the upper lumbar spine, but it may be observed in […]

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