Secondary hyperparathyroidism is the overproduction of parathyroid hormone secondary to a chronic abnormal stimulus for its production. In contrast to primary hyperparathyroidism, the parathyroid glands are not abnormal. In contrast, the primary hyperparathyroidism is due to unregulated secretion of parathyroid hormone and is not in response to any stimuli. But secondary hyperparathyroidism is due to […]
Metabolic DIsorders Affecting Bone
Primary Hyperparathyroidism – Symptoms and Treatment
Primary hyperparathyroidism is state of high levels of parathyroid hormone due to unregulated overproduction of parathyroid hormone. It is also known by the names osteitis fibrosa cystica, von Recklinghausen’s disease and parathyrotoxicosis. Physiology of Parathyroid Hormone Parathyroid hormone plays an important role in the metabolism of calcium and hyperparathyroidism results in abnormal calcium homeostasis. Parathyroid […]
Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies
Seronegative spondyloarthropathy is a group of diseases affecting axial skeleton and share common features. Actually, the term spondyloarthropathy or spondyloarthrosis means diseases of joints of the vertebral column in contrast to the term spondylopathy which means disease of the vertebra itself. However, the use of the term includes diseases of vertebral joints and vertebra both. […]
Paget Disease Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
Paget disease of bone was first described by James in 1877 who described it as chronic inflammation of the bone and called it osteitis deformans. The term osteitis deformans is now considered technically incorrect, and the preferred term is osteodystrophia deformans. Paget disease is a localized disorder of bone remodeling that typically begins with excessive […]
Osteomalacia Causes and Treatment
Osteomalacia is a metabolic bone disease where defective mineralization results in bone soften due to a large amount of unmineralized osteoid. Osteomalacia (mollities ossium) is characterized by softening of the bones because of an accumulation of osteoid tissue. Osteoid is the bone matrix which is mineralized to form bone. Like rickets, osteomalacia also affects the […]
Gout – Causes, Symptoms, Prevention and Treatment
Gout is a type of crystal-induced arthropathy caused by deposition of uric acid crystals. It is most often associated with high levels of uric acid called hyperuricemia. Another example of crystal-induced arthropathy is pseudogout. Uric acid is a breakdown product of purines which are natural substances found in all of the body’s cells, and in […]
What is Melorheostosis?
Melorheostosis (also known as Leri disease) is a rare dysplasia manifesting as regions of sclerosing bone with a characteristic dripping wax appearance or flowing candle wax appearance The disease, described by Leri and Joanny in 1922, is a rare, non-hereditary lesion. Patients with melorheostosis may have associated Vascular malformations Neurofibromatosis Hemangioma Arterial aneurysms Linear scleroderma […]
What Is Marfan Syndrome?
Marfan syndrome is an inherited connective-tissue disorder transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait which has features like tall stature, ectopia lentis, mitral valve prolapse, aortic root dilatation, and aortic dissection. Pathophysiology Marfan syndrome results from mutations in the fibrillin-1 gene on chromosome 15, which encodes for the glycoprotein fibrillin. Fibrillin is used as a major […]
Hypermobile Joints and Benign Joint Hypermobility Syndrome
Joint hypermobility or double-jointedness is said to be present when a joint that can be stretched beyond what is called normal range is normal. When generalized joint hypermobility is present with symptoms of muscle and joint pain, it is termed as Hypermobility syndrome. Joint hypermobility It could be due to Malaligned joints Joint with the […]
Muckle Wells Syndrome
Muckle-Wells syndrome [Also known by the names of UDA (Urticaria Deafness Amyloidosis) syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disease which results in Sensorineural deafness Recurrent hives Amyloidosis – A disease where abnormal deposition of amyloid occurs in various organs. Fevers Painful joints (arthritis) Muckle-Wells syndrome was first described in 1962 by Thomas James Muckle and […]