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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

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Anatomy

Anatomical Snuffbox Anatomy and Significance

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

anatomical snuffbox image and surface anatomy

The anatomical snuffbox is a triangular deepening on the dorsoradial aspect of the hand at the level of the carpal bones. It is visible with ulnar deviation of the wrist and extension and abduction of the thumb. The name snuffbox is derived because this depression was used as a means of placement for the inhalation […]

Filed Under: Anatomy

Pars interarticularis Anatomy and Significance

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Scotty dog sign on oblique view spine, shows intact pars interarticularis

What is Pars Interarticularis? The Pars Interarticularis is a special region of the lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes. The term literally means part between the articulations in Latin language and is kind of bony bridge that joins these two upper and lower facets. Thus one vertebral has two pars interarticularis. Thus facet […]

Filed Under: Anatomy, Spine

Axis or Second Cervical Vertebra [C2]

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

C2 vertebra from above

Axis is the second vertebra of the spine and is also called C2 bone vertebra. It articulates with C1 or atlas vertebra above and C3 vertebra below. The axis is an atypical cervical vertebra like atlas and vertebra prominens or C7 vertebra. It forms a pivot for atlas to rotate providing greater range of motion […]

Filed Under: Anatomy

Atlas or First Cervical Vertebra [C1]

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

First Cervical Vertebra -Atlas

Atlas is the first cervical vertebra that sits just below the skull. It is also called C1 vertebra. Along with axis, the second vertebra and C7, it falls into the group of atypical cervical vertebrae. Atypical because these have unique features. Axis and C7 or vertebra prominens are discussed separately. Atlas is unique in its […]

Filed Under: Anatomy

Vertebra Prominens or Seventh Cervical Vertebra [C7]

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

c7 vertebra

Vertebra prominens is the common name for 7th cervical vertebra or C7, the largest and most inferior vertebra of the cervical region of the spine. It is named because it has a large spinous process that protrudes posteriorly and can be felt prominently on palpation. Vertebra prominens is easily recognized on palpation of the back of […]

Filed Under: Anatomy

Anatomy of Cauda Equina

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Cauda Equina Anterior View

The cauda equina is a structure within the lower end of the spinal column of most vertebrates, that consists of nerve roots and rootlets from above[from second lumbar to coccygeal nerve] which originate in the conus medullaris of the spinal cord. Cauda equina is named so because it resembles horse’s tail. In humans, the spinal […]

Filed Under: Anatomy

Typical and Atypical Thoracic Vertebra

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Thoracic Vertebra

The typical thoracic vertebrae are seven in number and atypical thoracic vertebra are five in number. Vertebra T2 to T8 are typical and rest of them are atypical. Both typical and atypical thoracic vertebrae are discussed. Typical Thoracic Vertebra The body of a typical thoracic vertebrae is heart shaped with roughly the same measurements from side […]

Filed Under: Anatomy

Dorsal Scapular Nerve Entrapment Syndrome

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Nerves to scapula

The dorsal scapular nerve entrapment is a relatively less common nerve entrapment that causes shoulder and arm pain. It is vulnerable during brachial plexus injections as the nerve passes through the middle scalene muscle. Dorsal scapular nerve entrapment is uncommon and therefore frequently underrecognized cause of pain in shoulder and neck area. The symptoms are […]

Filed Under: Anatomy

Spinal Accessory Nerve Anatomy and Significance

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

spinal accessory nerve course, PD

The spinal accessory nerve [ also called accessory nerve] is eleventh cranial nerve (CN XI) [see the controversy below]  and is composed of two parts, the cranial part, and the spinal part. It has a purely somatic motor function, innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. The sternocleidomastoid is a neck muscle that tilts and rotates […]

Filed Under: Anatomy

Long Thoracic Nerve Anatomy and Significance

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

long thoracic nerve

The long thoracic nerve is a pure motor nerve that arises from anterior or ventral roots of C5, C6, and C7 and supplies serratus anterior muscle. Serratus anterior muscle is responsible for stabilization and protraction movement of the scapula. It is also called posterior thoracic nerve and the external respiratory nerve of Bell, after Sir Charles Bell who provided its first […]

Filed Under: Anatomy

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Browse Articles

Gout – Causes, Symptoms, Prevention and Treatment

Gout is a type of crystal-induced arthropathy caused by deposition of uric acid crystals. It is most often associated with high levels of uric acid called hyperuricemia. Another example of crystal-induced arthropathy is pseudogout. Uric acid is a breakdown product of purines which are natural substances found in all of the body’s cells, and in […]

Other View of Mallet Finger Deformity In Index Finger

Mallet Finger Injury Presentation and Treatment

Mallet finger is a finger deformity caused by disruption of the  extensor tendon mechanism distal to the distal interphalangeal joint caused by a bony or tendon injury It is a common injury and occurs as a workplace injury or in sports. It commonly occurs in young to middle-aged males. It is also seen in older […]

bone proteins

Bone Proteins Types and Function

Bone proteins mainly consist of collagen and other non-collagen proteins. Collagen is the most abundant protein and is found all over the body in bones, tendons, and ligaments. It is important to mention about bone morphogenic proteins in passing. Bone morphogenic proteins are different entities and not structural bone protein. Bone morphogenetic proteins or popularly […]

Baker Cyst

Baker Cyst or Popliteal Cyst- Prersentation and Treatment

Baker cyst or popliteal cyst is a soft-tissue swelling that contains gelatinous fluid, in the posterior aspect of the knee. It occurs both in adults and children. In adults, the baker cyst communicates frequently with join and is associated with an intraarticular condition like meniscal tears or osteoarthritis. However, in children, this condition often does […]

Pes Anserinus Bursitis Image

Pes Anserinus Bursitis Symptoms and Treatment

Pes anserinus bursitis is an inflammatory condition of Pes-anserinus bursa which lies on the medial aspect of the knee. It causes pain inferomedial to the knee joint. It is also called anserine bursitis. A bursa is a small synovial tissue lined structure between two surfaces which functions to provide space for gliding and reducing friction […]

Knee Arthrodesis with K-nail

Arthrodesis or Joint Fusion – Indications, Uses and Complications

Arthrodesis is a procedure of blocking the joint motion by performing a surgery on the joint. The arthrodesis for large joints is done less commonly now than before because of favorable joint motion preserving surgeries like arthroplasty but is a reasonable choice of treatment in case of small joints. Know more about indications and use of arthrodesis.

Philips Head Screw

Bone Screws Used in Orthopedics

Bone screws have been used to fix the bony fragments since the middle of the nineteenth century.  It must be noted that bone screws follow mechanical principles similar to other commonly used screws. The screw is a cylinder with spiral threads running on its outer surface which converts torsional forces into compression. Screws can be […]

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