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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

Pain Management

Shoulder Pain Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Ligaments of shoulder joint

Term shoulder pain refers to any pain that arises in or around the shoulder. The origin of the pain may be in the shoulder joint or from surrounding structures like muscles, ligaments or tendons. Shoulder pain is the third most common musculoskeletal pain after low back pain and neck pain. This kind of pain usually […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Fibromyalgia – Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Fibromyalgia Tender Points

Fibromyalgia or fibromyalgia syndrome is a disorder that is characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, memory problems, allodynia, and mood alterations. Difficulty in swallowing. bowel and bladder abnormalities, paresthesia and cognitive dysfunction have also been reported to occur in some patients Symptoms may begin after a physical trauma, surgery, infection or significant psychological […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Myofascial Pain Syndrome

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

myofascial pain syndrome

Myofascial pain syndrome is caused by injury or damage to the fascia. The syndrome can cause chronic pain in muscles throughout the body. Fascia is a tough connective tissue covering muscles which when injured becomes tight and may put painful pressure on surrounding tissues. Myofascial pain syndrome is characterized by presence of trigger points, a […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Prolotherapy – Types, Mechanism and Uses

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

injection with medicine

What is Prolotherapy? Prolotherapy is a procedure where the non-pharmacological and non-active irritant solution is injected into the body for the purpose of strengthening weakened connective tissue and alleviating musculoskeletal pain. Prolotherapy is claimed to repair the weakened sites and produce new fibrous tissues. Other names are Proliferation therapy Regenerative injection therapy Proliferative injection therapy […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Faces Pain Scale – Revised and Wong Baker Pain Rating Scale

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Faces Pain Scale Revised

The Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) is a scale used for a self-report measure of pain intensity. This scale was developed for children and has been adapted from the Faces Pain Scale. It can also be used in adult people who are unable to use a numerical rating scale like visual analog scale. It is particularly recommended […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Color Analog Scale

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Color Analog Scale

Color visual analog scale or color analog scale is a pain assessment tool that is built on the pattern of Visual Analog Scale. The color analog scale is used in children and in patients with poor cognition such as Alzheimer disease. What is Color Analog Scale? Color analog scale is 10 cm in length. It […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Visual Analog Scale For Pain

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Another visual analogue scale

Visual analog scale [VAS] is a measure of pain intensity. It is a continuous scale comprised of a horizontal (called horizontal visual analog scale) or, vertical called vertical visual analog scale usually 10 cm or 100 mm length [both the gradations are used]. It is anchored by two verbal descriptors, one for each symptom extreme. […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

What is Pain Management Program?

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Pain Management Program

Pain management program is a multi-disciplinary approach that aims at providing pain relief and restoration of normal function by either drugs and/or interventions. Pain management program may be desirable in selected patients of back pain or sciatica, neck pain, failed back syndrome, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, myofascial pain, fibromyalgia, facial pain, neuropathic pain, headaches, cancer pain, shingles, […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome or CRPS

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

complex-regional pain syndrome lower limb

Complex regional pain syndrome or CRPS is a chronic painful condition causing intense pain, usually in the arms, hands, legs, or feet. The cause of condition is poorly understood and there is no cure. The management involves control of symptoms by various modalities. The condition It may happen after an injury to a nerve or […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Trigger Point Causes, Types and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Trigger point diagram

Also called myofascial trigger point, the trigger point is a hyperirritable spot in skeletal muscle. Trigger points are associated with palpable nodules in taut bands of muscle fibers. It is believed that palpable nodules are small contraction knots and a common cause of pain. Myofascial pain syndrome is a common painful muscle disorder characterized by […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

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Deformities after Poilo

Residual Deformities after Polio and Their Treatment

Deformities after polio arise due to residual paralysis that weakens the limb after an acute attack of polio. The medical term for this is post polio residual paralysis. Weakened muscle strength, imbalance of the forces acting on a joint and unequal growth of affected and unaffected muscles results in limb length inequalities and joint deformities, […]

Grade IV KL OA

Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms and Treatment

This article focuses on Knee Osteoarthritis. For details on Osteoarthritis, read Osteoarthritis Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment Knee osteoarthritis is can result in severe pain and disability, and affect activities like walking even for short distances or climbing stairs. Like all other osteoarthritides, knee osteoarthritis takes a quite some time to develop and worsens gradually. Earlier […]

Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale

Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale is used to  evaluate the outcomes of knee ligament surgery  in patients The first version of this was published in 1982. The present scale includes  8 items Limp Support Locking Instability Pain Swelling Stair climbing Squatting Apart from knee ligament injury, the score can be used for meniscal tears, knee cartilage […]

Pes Anserinus Bursitis Image

Pes Anserinus Bursitis Symptoms and Treatment

Pes anserinus bursitis is an inflammatory condition of Pes-anserinus bursa which lies on the medial aspect of the knee. It causes pain inferomedial to the knee joint. It is also called anserine bursitis. A bursa is a small synovial tissue lined structure between two surfaces which functions to provide space for gliding and reducing friction […]

United Intertrochanteric Fractiure WIth Dynamic Hip Screw In Situ

Intertrochanteric Fractures Causes, Presentation and Treatment

Intertrochanteric fractures are one of the three types of hip fractures, other two being fractures of the femoral neck and subtrochanteric fractures of femur. A trochanteric hip fracture occurs along the intertrochanteric line which is the line between the greater trochanter and the lesser trochanter. Fractures of the femoral neck are proximal or cephalad to […]

Incomplete spinal injuries

Incomplete Spinal Injury Patterns

An incomplete spinal injury is defined as spinal cord injury with some preserved motor or sensory function below the injury level. The spared function may be  including Voluntary anal contraction (sacral sparing) Palpable or visible muscle contraction below the injury level Perianal sensation present It must be noted that the completeness of the lesion is the […]

Grade IV KL OA

Kellgren Lawrence Classification For Knee Osteoarthritis

The Kellgren Lawrence grading system is a radiological classification of knee osteoarthritis. It progresses from grade 0 to grade IV and based on x-rays. Knee osteoarthritis is a very common problem prevalent in all sections of society. While most of the changes are related to age, weight is a modifiable factor. Grading of knee osteoarthritis […]

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