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Bone and Spine

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Pain Management

Shoulder Pain Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Ligaments of shoulder joint

Term shoulder pain refers to any pain that arises in or around the shoulder. The origin of the pain may be in the shoulder joint or from surrounding structures like muscles, ligaments or tendons. Shoulder pain is the third most common musculoskeletal pain after low back pain and neck pain. This kind of pain usually […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Fibromyalgia – Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Fibromyalgia Tender Points

Fibromyalgia or fibromyalgia syndrome is a disorder that is characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, memory problems, allodynia, and mood alterations. Difficulty in swallowing. bowel and bladder abnormalities, paresthesia and cognitive dysfunction have also been reported to occur in some patients Symptoms may begin after a physical trauma, surgery, infection or significant psychological […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Myofascial Pain Syndrome

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

myofascial pain syndrome

Myofascial pain syndrome is caused by injury or damage to the fascia. The syndrome can cause chronic pain in muscles throughout the body. Fascia is a tough connective tissue covering muscles which when injured becomes tight and may put painful pressure on surrounding tissues. Myofascial pain syndrome is characterized by the presence of trigger points, […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Prolotherapy – Types, Mechanism and Uses

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

injection with medicine

What is Prolotherapy? Prolotherapy is a procedure where the non-pharmacological and non-active irritant solution is injected into the body for the purpose of strengthening weakened connective tissue and alleviating musculoskeletal pain. Prolotherapy is claimed to repair the weakened sites and produce new fibrous tissues. Other names are Proliferation therapy Regenerative injection therapy Proliferative injection therapy […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Faces Pain Scale – Revised and Wong Baker Pain Rating Scale

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Faces Pain Scale Revised

The Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) is a scale used for a self-report measure of pain intensity. This scale was developed for children and has been adapted from the Faces Pain Scale. It can also be used in adult people who are unable to use a numerical rating scale like visual analog scale. It is particularly recommended […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Visual Analog Scale and Color Analog Scale For Pain

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Another visual analogue scale

The visual analog scale [VAS] is a measure of pain intensity. It is a continuous scale comprised of a horizontal (called horizontal visual analog scale) or, vertical called vertical visual analog scale usually 10 cm or 100 mm in length [both gradations are used]. It is anchored by two verbal descriptors, one for each symptom […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome or CRPS- Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

complex regional pain syndrome lower limb

Complex regional pain syndrome or CRPS is a chronic painful condition causing intense pain, usually in the arms, hands, legs, or feet that usually results after an injury to the limb though few instances have been reported in the face or genitalia too. The severity of the symptoms can range from mild to severe and […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Trigger Point Causes, Types and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Trigger point diagram

Also called a myofascial trigger point, the trigger point is a hyperirritable spot in skeletal muscle. These are associated with palpable nodules in taut bands of muscle fibers. It is believed that palpable nodules are tiny contraction knots and a common cause of pain. Myofascial pain syndrome is a common painful muscle disorder characterized by […]

Filed Under: General Ortho, Pain Management

Cervical Myofascial Pain- Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

cervical myofascial pain

Cervical myofascial pain is a type of myofascial pain syndrome that originates from neck muscle and surrounding fascia which becomes tight or damaged. Cervical myofascial syndrome is characterized by Stiff neck with limited range of motion Tight painful neck muscles Pain that goes to surrounding parts like head or shoulder Trigger points- Sharp small knots […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Neck Pain Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

neck pain causes

Neck pain is almost as common a complaint as low back pain. Most cases of neck pain are due to minor muscular or ligament stresses. But there could be many other causes including the serious ones. Most of the neck pain cases are short-lasting and often can be managed at home. But a chronic pain […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

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postoperative pain management

Postoperative Pain Management

Perioperative pain relief or postoperative pain management or postoperative analgesia deals with the treatment of pain that occurs after the surgery. Postoperative pain can be acute that occurs immediately after the surgery or chronic that occurs and continues over a period. This article mainly concentrates on acute postoperative pain and the term postoperative pain here […]

Xray of patella fractures lateral view

Patella Fractures Presentation and Treatment

Patella fractures refer to fractures of kneecap, a sesamoid bone on the anterior aspect of the knee. It accounts for about 1% of all skeletal injuries. The patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body. It is contained within the extensor mechanism which consists of the quadriceps tendon proximally and the patellar ligament distally. […]

Xray of Charcot Joint of Foot

Charcot Joint Disease

Charcot joint or Charcot arthropathy is the name given to neuropathic joint disease is a condition that causes progressive destruction of bone and soft tissues of joints especially weight-bearing joints and may also cause disruption of the bony architecture. Charcot joint disease can occur at any joint but most commonly in the lower extremity, at […]

flexor tendon zones hand

Flexor Tendon Zones of Hand

There are five flexor tendon zones in hand. Flexor tendon zones influence prognosis following flexor tendon repair. The five flexor tendon zones apply only to the index through small fingers as separate zones exist for the thumb flexor tendon. Zone I Zone I extends from the tip of the finger to the middle of the […]

Flexor Muscles of Hand and Wrist

Forearm Muscles – Anatomy and Function

The forearm is the area of upper extremity between the elbow and wrist. The bony structure of the forearm is formed by two bones – radius and ulna. There are twenty forearm muscles which are arranged in two compartments – anterior and posterior. The anterior compartment contains flexor muscles and is also called the flexor […]

pigmented villonodular synovitis

Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis

Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis is a locally aggressive neoplastic synovial disease affecting joints, bursae, and tendon sheaths characterized by joint effusions, synovial thickening, and bony erosions. Usually, pigmented villonodular synovitis affects a single joint [monoarticular presentation]. Polyarticular cases are rare and more likely in children. Usually, patients between 30 and 40 years old are affected. However, […]

AP view of Intercondylar Fracture Distal Humerus

Distal Humerus Fracture- Types, Causes and Treatment

Distal humerus fractures or distal third humerus fractures are fractures of the distal part of the humerus. It is an umbrella term for a group of injuries that may occur. Namely, the following constitute distal humerus fractures Fractures of lateral epicondyle Fractures of medial epicondyle Condylar fractures – lateral or medial condyle Intercondylar fractures Capitellem […]

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