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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

Pain Management

Shoulder Pain Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Ligaments of shoulder joint

Term shoulder pain refers to any pain that arises in or around the shoulder. The origin of the pain may be in the shoulder joint or from surrounding structures like muscles, ligaments or tendons. Shoulder pain is the third most common musculoskeletal pain after low back pain and neck pain. This kind of pain usually […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Fibromyalgia – Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Fibromyalgia Tender Points

Fibromyalgia or fibromyalgia syndrome is a disorder that is characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, memory problems, allodynia, and mood alterations. Difficulty in swallowing. bowel and bladder abnormalities, paresthesia and cognitive dysfunction have also been reported to occur in some patients Symptoms may begin after a physical trauma, surgery, infection or significant psychological […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Myofascial Pain Syndrome

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

myofascial pain syndrome

Myofascial pain syndrome is caused by injury or damage to the fascia. The syndrome can cause chronic pain in muscles throughout the body. Fascia is a tough connective tissue covering muscles which when injured becomes tight and may put painful pressure on surrounding tissues. Myofascial pain syndrome is characterized by presence of trigger points, a […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Prolotherapy – Types, Mechanism and Uses

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

injection with medicine

What is Prolotherapy? Prolotherapy is a procedure where the non-pharmacological and non-active irritant solution is injected into the body for the purpose of strengthening weakened connective tissue and alleviating musculoskeletal pain. Prolotherapy is claimed to repair the weakened sites and produce new fibrous tissues. Other names are Proliferation therapy Regenerative injection therapy Proliferative injection therapy […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Faces Pain Scale – Revised and Wong Baker Pain Rating Scale

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Faces Pain Scale Revised

The Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) is a scale used for a self-report measure of pain intensity. This scale was developed for children and has been adapted from the Faces Pain Scale. It can also be used in adult people who are unable to use a numerical rating scale like visual analog scale. It is particularly recommended […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Color Analog Scale

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Color Analog Scale

Color visual analog scale or color analog scale is a pain assessment tool that is built on the pattern of Visual Analog Scale. The color analog scale is used in children and in patients with poor cognition such as Alzheimer disease. What is Color Analog Scale? Color analog scale is 10 cm in length. It […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Visual Analog Scale For Pain

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Another visual analogue scale

Visual analog scale [VAS] is a measure of pain intensity. It is a continuous scale comprised of a horizontal (called horizontal visual analog scale) or, vertical called vertical visual analog scale usually 10 cm or 100 mm length [both the gradations are used]. It is anchored by two verbal descriptors, one for each symptom extreme. […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

What is Pain Management Program?

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Pain Management Program

Pain management program is a multi-disciplinary approach that aims at providing pain relief and restoration of normal function by either drugs and/or interventions. Pain management program may be desirable in selected patients of back pain or sciatica, neck pain, failed back syndrome, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, myofascial pain, fibromyalgia, facial pain, neuropathic pain, headaches, cancer pain, shingles, […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome or CRPS

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

complex-regional pain syndrome lower limb

Complex regional pain syndrome or CRPS is a chronic painful condition causing intense pain, usually in the arms, hands, legs, or feet. The cause of condition is poorly understood and there is no cure. The management involves control of symptoms by various modalities. The condition It may happen after an injury to a nerve or […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

Trigger Point Causes, Types and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Trigger point diagram

Also called myofascial trigger point, the trigger point is a hyperirritable spot in skeletal muscle. Trigger points are associated with palpable nodules in taut bands of muscle fibers. It is believed that palpable nodules are small contraction knots and a common cause of pain. Myofascial pain syndrome is a common painful muscle disorder characterized by […]

Filed Under: Pain Management

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arthrogryposis image from wiki public domain

Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita is a congenital deformity affecting the extremities, characterized by marked muscular wasting the loss of mass, increased fibrous tissue around the joints, and therefore disturbance of mobility and various characteristic deformities. Bone changes are usually secondary to the overlying soft tissue changes, as well as to the changes which have taken place […]

femur bone

Femur Anatomy and Attachments

The femur is also called the thigh bone and is the longest and strongest bone of the body. It is composed of an upper end, a lower end and a shaft. The upper and bears a rounded head, whereas the lower end is widely expanded to from two large condyles. The head is directed medially. The […]

tumor mineralization patterns of osseous matirx

Tumor Mineralization Patterns

Tumor mineralization means deposition of additional mineral in and around focal lesions of bone. Tumor mineralization is seen as Mineralization of tumor matrix Reactive bone proliferation Mineral deposition in areas of degeneration or necrosis The characteristic mineralization patterns have diagnostic significance. Depending on the mineralization pattern, bone tumors and tumor-like conditions can be divided into […]

Patella ligament stabilizers

Patellar Instability – Causes, Presentation and Treatment

Patellar instability or Patellofemoral instability is a frequent cause of symptoms of anterior knee pain and episodes of mechanical instability. It is also called patellar subluxation syndrome. There is a difference between symptoms of instability and patellar dislocation, though the former may cause the latter to happen. The term can denote a sign on physical examination or […]

hip bone diagram

Hip Bone Anatomy or Pelvic Bone[Ilium-Pubis-Ischium]

Hip bone is also known as innominate bone or pelvic bone and is formed by the fusion of three bones namely ilium, ischium and pubis bones. Hip bone forms part of the pelvis and takes part in hip joint articulation. The term hip bone can create confusion in the mind of the reader. To understand […]

Severe scoliosis

Neuromuscular Scoliosis Causes and Treatment

Neuromuscular scoliosis is a coronal and sagittal plane deformity of the spine in patients with abnormalities of the nervous system or muscles. myoneural pathways of the body. The progression more severe in case of neuromuscular scoliosis and continues into adulthood. The long-term effects of the spinal deformity in patients with neuromuscular conditions can be disabling. […]

Hypotensive Anesthesia

What Is Hypotensive Anesthesia?

Hypotensive anesthesia is a  technique of lowering the blood pressure of a patient during surgery to decrease the amount of blood loss. The technique is most effective in orthopedic procedures but can be used in a wide range of surgeries. A 2-4 fold reduction in intraoperative blood loss occurs if mean arterial pressure is reduced […]

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Popliteal Fossa Anatomy and Contents

The popliteal fossa [sometimes called knee pit]  is a diamond-shaped depression lying behind the knee joint, covering the lower part of the femur, and … [Read More...] about Popliteal Fossa Anatomy and Contents

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