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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

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Spine

Sacral slope, Pelvic tilt and Pelvic Incidence

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

pelvisacral angle

Sacral slope, pelvic tilt and pelvic incidence are pelvic parameters used in radiological assessment of the lumbosacral spine. With evolution came upright posture which brought the required changes in the spine and pelvis. The pelvis became broadened and vertical. There were changes in spinal curvature and muscular structures supporting the spine were substantially modified. The […]

Filed Under: Spine

Idiopathic Scoliosis – Types, Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

apical vertebra and other terms in scoliosis

Idiopathic scoliosis is the lateral deviation deformity of the spine where the cause is not known. Because there is also a vertebral rotation and not just deviation, the term rotoscoliosis is also used to describe the deformity. Idiopathic signifies that it is not secondary or due to some deformity and other secondary causes. On plain […]

Filed Under: Spine

Risser Sign and Its Use in Scoliosis

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Diagram of Risser sign

The Risser sign, also called Risser index or Risser classification is a system used to assess and grade skeletal maturity based on the level of ossification and fusion of the iliac crest apophyses. The apophyses (singular: apophysis) are the normal bony outgrowths which have separate ossification centers and eventually fuse with the bone in time. Iliac […]

Filed Under: Spine

Lenke Classification System for Scoliosis

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Lenke classification system for scoliosis

Lenke classification is a comprehensive radiographic classification of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis named after Dr Lawrence Lenke who was instrumental in devising it. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is the most common types of scoliosis encountered. Though originally intended to be include factors in 3 planes, it eventually included two saggital and coronal plane. The classification was published […]

Filed Under: Spine

Classification of Scoliosis Curves

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

King classification of scoliosis curves

Scoiliotic curves can be classified by many approaches. We are describing two mainly used methods for classification of scoliosis curves. These classifications are named as Ponseti and Friedman, and Kings’s classification of scoliosis curves. Scoliosis, as we know, is of non-idiopathic and idiopathic types. Neuromuscular and degenerative scoliosis are types of non-idiopathic scoliosis. Ponseti and […]

Filed Under: Spine

Laminoplasty – Indications and Procedure

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

laminoplasty diagram

Laminoplasty is a process of increasing the space available for the spinal cord by reconstruction of the laminar arch via a posterior approach. It is done by hinging or opening the lamina to allow access to the canal and may include augmentation or reconstruction of the spinal canal. Laminectomy is just removal of the lamina […]

Filed Under: Procedures, Spine

Jackson Table System for Spine Surgeries

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

An image of jackson table

What is the Jackson Table System for Spine Surgeries Jackson table is a specially designed table to be used in spine surgeries. It can be used to perform a  perform a variety of spinal surgeries in supine, prone, lateral positions in a safe manner. Two of the peculiar features of Jackson table are No central […]

Filed Under: Procedures, Spine

Pars interarticularis Anatomy and Significance

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Scotty dog sign on oblique view spine, shows intact pars interarticularis

What is Pars Interarticularis? The Pars Interarticularis is a special region of the lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes. The term literally means part between the articulations in Latin language and is kind of bony bridge that joins these two upper and lower facets. Thus one vertebral has two pars interarticularis. Thus facet […]

Filed Under: Anatomy, Spine

Degenerative Scoliosis or Adult Onset Scoliosis

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

degenerative scoliosis

Degenerative scoliosis is a result of progressive degenerative changes in structural elements of the spine. It also is known as adult-onset scoliosis but is different from curves of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis that adults have. Adult scoliosis is a collective term inclusive of degenerative scoliosis comprising of all spinal deformities in a skeletally mature individual. Technically, […]

Filed Under: Spine

Neuromuscular Scoliosis Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Severe scoliosis

Neuromuscular scoliosis is a coronal and sagittal plane deformity of the spine in patients with abnormalities of the nervous system or muscles i.e. myoneural pathways of the body. The progression more severe in case of neuromuscular scoliosis and continues into adulthood. The long-term effects of the spinal deformity in patients with neuromuscular conditions can be […]

Filed Under: Spine

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Myalgia pain causes and treatment

Myalgia or Muscle Aches – Causes and Treatment

Myalgia is a medical term for muscle pain. It is derived from the prefix my(o)-, meaning muscle, and the suffix –algia, which refers to pain or a painful condition. Muscle aches can be caused by diseases and disorders. It is a common complaint among adults presenting for medical care. Nearly everyone, at some point in […]

skier's thumb or gamekeeper's thumb

Skier’s thumb – Causes, Symptoms and Teatment

Terms Skier’s thumb and Gamekeeper’s thumb are used for injuries to the ulnar collateral ligament of first metacarpal joint. While Gamekeeper’s thumb was the older term, Skier’s thumb is used more commonly. Ulnar collateral ligament injury of the metacarpal joint was found earlier in people of Europe who wrung the neck of the game like […]

Classification of Pilon Fractures

Pilon Fractures of Tibia – Presentation and Treatment

Pilon fractures or plafond fracture are fractures of the distal part of tibia involving its articular surface at the ankle joint.  Pilon is a French word for pestle, an instrument used for crushing or pounding. Pilon fractures account for approximately 10% of tibial fractures. These fractures involve the dome of the distal tibial articular surface […]

Ligaments of shoulder joint

Shoulder Joint Anatomy

The shoulder is actually composed of four joints, namely glenohumeral joint, acromioclavicular joint, sternoclavicular joint and scapulothoracic joint. In common usage, shoulder joint mostly refers to the glenohumeral joint, the major joint of the shoulder but can also include acromioclavicular joint. The shoulder joint is the most mobile joint in the human body and responsible […]

hip bone diagram

Hip Bone Anatomy or Pelvic Bone[Ilium-Pubis-Ischium]

Hip bone is also known as innominate bone or pelvic bone and is formed by the fusion of three bones namely ilium, ischium and pubis bones. Hip bone forms part of the pelvis and takes part in hip joint articulation. The term hip bone can create confusion in the mind of the reader. To understand […]

MRI retrocalcaneal bursitis

Retrocalcaneal Bursitis – Causes and Treatment

Retrocalcaneal bursitis or insertional bursitis is a common cause of pain in the posterior heel or ankle due to inflammation of either retrocalcaneal bursa or subcutaneous calcaneal bursa. Retrocalcaneal or subtendinous bursa is located between the Achilles tendon and the calcaneus. This bursa is anterior to Achilles tendon. Subcutaneous calcaneal bursa is, superficial to the […]

Spacer for Prosthetic Joint Infection

Prosthetic Joint Infection

Prosthetic joint infection is a devastating complication of joint replacement surgery and occurs in1–3% of patients. Prosthetic joint infection can occur due to direct inoculation at the time of surgery or hematogenous spread of organisms to the prosthesis at a later time. One of the peculiarities of these infections is that the organism on attachment […]

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