Spine disorders

Lumbar segmental instability may not always be visible on standard imaging, especially in the early or functional stages. In such cases, a series of physical examination tests can help identify abnormal motion, muscle coordination deficits, or segmental pain provocation that suggests instability. [1] These clinical tests are particularly useful in [2] While none of these […]

Braces for scoliosis are recommended to prevent the scoliotic curve from getting worse. Many different types of braces are available now and can be used depending on the level, severity, and convenience of the person using them. Some braces for scoliosis are worn full time whereas others are night time only. Braces are used in […]

Discogenic back pain is a common cause of axial low back pain [the pain is in the back as compared to radicular that that occurs in limbs as referred pain] without radicular symptoms. The condition is caused by damage to one or more discs. Relevant Anatomy The spine consists of stacked vertebrae that are connected […]

Sacral slope, pelvic tilt and pelvic incidence are pelvic parameters used in radiological assessment of the lumbosacral spine. With evolution came upright posture which brought the required changes in the spine and pelvis. The pelvis became broadened and vertical. There were changes in spinal curvature and muscular structures supporting the spine were substantially modified. The […]

Idiopathic scoliosis is the lateral deviation deformity of the spine where the cause is not known. Because there is also a vertebral rotation and not just deviation, the term rotoscoliosis is also used to describe the deformity. Idiopathic signifies that it is not secondary or due to some deformity and other secondary causes. On plain […]

The Risser sign, also called Risser index or Risser classification is a system used to assess and grade skeletal maturity based on the level of ossification and fusion of the iliac crest apophyses. The apophyses (singular: apophysis) are the normal bony outgrowths which have separate ossification centers and eventually fuse with the bone in time. Iliac […]

Lenke classification is a comprehensive radiographic classification of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis named after Dr Lawrence Lenke who was instrumental in devising it. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is the most common types of scoliosis encountered. Though originally intended to be include factors in 3 planes, it eventually included two saggital and coronal plane. The classification was published […]

Scoiliotic curves can be classified by many approaches. We are describing two mainly used methods for classification of scoliosis curves. These classifications are named as Ponseti and Friedman, and Kings’s classification of scoliosis curves. Scoliosis, as we know, is of non-idiopathic and idiopathic types. Neuromuscular and degenerative scoliosis are types of non-idiopathic scoliosis. Ponseti and […]