Spine

Thoracic Spine Anatomy

The thoracic spine is also called the dorsal spine and is constituted by the next 12 vertebrae after the cervical spine. These vertebrae are named T1 to T12 (or D1 to D12) from above downwards. If you palpate back of the neck from above downwards in the midline, you would come across a sudden projection […]

Spine Anatomy- Vertebral Column and Other Structures

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Spine anatomy can be understood by dividing the spine into bony and soft tissue components. Spine can be divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions. There are anatomical variations both in skeletal and nonskeletal components in all these regions. Spinal cord and the nerves coming out of spine are the neural tissue contained […]

Septic Arthritis or Infectious Arthritis

Septic arthritis is a term used when the joint space is infected with microorganisms which can be bacteria, viruses, mycobacteria, and fungi. Septic arthritis also includes prosthetic joint infections. Septic arthritis is also called infectious arthritis. Joints are quite resistant to infection but there are some risk factors that increase the risk increased infection. These […]

Psoriatic Arthritis Presentation & Treatment

Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic inflammatory, seronegative arthritis that develops in about 5% of the people who have psoriasis. Psoriasis is an autoimmune disorder that mainly affects skin leading to a characteristic rash. About half of the patients of psoriatic arthritis have often human leukocyte antigen HLA B27 associated spondyloarthropathy. Psoriatic arthritis is considered as […]

Blount Disease – Presentation & Treatment

Blount disease, also termed as tibia vara is characterized by disordered endochondral ossification of the medial part of the proximal tibial physis. Though it is called tibia vara, actual deformities are multiplanar – tibia with varus, procurvatum (a deformity where the apex of angulation is anterior), and internal rotation. It is named after Walter Putnam […]

Spondylosis – Definition, Causes and Treatment

Spondylosis as a medical term denotes degenerative changes that occur in the spine as a natural aging process for some other reason. The term degeneration means the wear and tear that accumulates. The bone spurs and degeneration of intervertebral discs are examples of degeneration. The term comes from the Ancient Greek word ‘spondylos’ which [plural […]

Bacterial Arthritis Presentation and Treatment

Bacterial arthritis is infectious arthritis caused by the invasion of the joint space by bacteriae. The bacteria enters the joint from the bloodstream, from a contiguous site of infection in bone or soft tissue. In trauma, surgery or invasive procedures, the bacteria might directly be inoculated in the joint, or by direct inoculation during surgery, […]

Anterior Knee Pain Scale- Use and Limitations

The anterior knee pain scale is a patient-reported assessment of symptoms and functional limitations in patellofemoral disorders. It was first published in 1993 by Kujala et al. The questions on the Kujala questionnaire add to total of100 points. Anterior knee pain results in significant symptoms and activity limitations. The anterior knee pain scale is a […]

Bennett Fracture Causes, Presentation and Treatment

Bennett fracture is an intraarticular fracture involving the base of the thumb and leading to a subluxation of the carpometacarpal joint. It was described initially by Edward Hallaran Bennett in the late nineteenth century. The fracture is inherently unstable and requires adequate reduction and immobilization or fixation. Carpometacarpal joint is critical for pinching and opposition […]