Spine

Spine Anatomy- Vertebral Column and Other Structures

Spine anatomy can be understood by dividing the spine into bony and soft tissue components. Spine can be divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions. There are anatomical variations both in skeletal and nonskeletal components in all these regions. Spinal cord and the nerves coming out of spine are the neural tissue contained […]

Facet Joint Injection- Indications and Complications

Facet joint injection is given to diagnose and treat pain originating from facet joint of spine. Facet joint are small but important joints between superior and inferior articular processes. These joints provide stability and help guide motion. These joints can become painful and cause pain in the back following arthritis of the spine, a back […]

What Is Marfan Syndrome?

Marfan syndrome is an inherited connective-tissue disorder transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait which has features like tall stature, ectopia lentis, mitral valve prolapse, aortic root dilatation, and aortic dissection. Pathophysiology Marfan syndrome results from mutations in the fibrillin-1 gene on chromosome 15, which encodes for the glycoprotein fibrillin. Fibrillin is used as a major […]

Renal Rickets

Renal rickets is the term used for rickets where the primary cause is not vitamin D deficiency but a renal disease leading to events that cause rickets or osteomalacia. [More about rickets] [More on Osteomalacia] Renal rickets is known by various names. Renal dwarfism, renal pseudorickets, and renal osteitis fibrosa cystica are forms of renal-caused […]

Femoral Anteversion and Retroversion

Anteversion and Retroversion describe the relative rotation of an organ or part of it. Anteversion means rotated forwards (towards the front of the body) Retroversion means rotated backward (towards the back of the body) The version is in comparison to a reference position. For example, the normal uterus is typically slightly anteverted but in certain […]

Mallet Finger Injury Presentation and Treatment

Mallet finger is a finger deformity caused by disruption of the extensor tendon mechanism distal to the distal interphalangeal joint caused by a bony or tendon injury It is a common injury and occurs as a workplace injury or in sports. It commonly occurs in young to middle-aged males. It is also seen in older […]

Fall on to Outstretched Hand or FOOSH Injuries

FOOSH is an acronym for fall onto an outstretched hand. Fall is a common cause of orthopedic injuries. Whenever one falls, it is a protective reflex to outstretch the hand. This fall on an outstretched hand can lead different patterns of injuries A number of injuries of the upper limb occur because of fall onto […]

Lower Extremity Functional Scale – Method and Interpretation

Lower extremity functional scale is a test that consists of a questionnaire to evaluate the function of the lower limb in case of musculoskeletal condition or disorder. The test can be used to measure initial function, ongoing progress, and outcome. The lower extremity functional scale was developed in 1999 by Binkley et al. when they […]

Spine

Spine Anatomy- Vertebral Column and Other Structures

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