Spine

Normal Cervical Spine Xray

Normal Cervical Spine X-ray The cervical spine is the part of the spine that is present in the neck region. It is formed by first 7 vertebrae of the spine numbered from C1 to C7. The spine begins with C1 vertebra which is also called Atlas. Next vertebra is Axis. Seventh cervical vertebra or C7 is […]

Thoracic Spine Anatomy

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

The thoracic spine is also called the dorsal spine and is constituted by the next 12 vertebrae after the cervical spine. These vertebrae are named T1 to T12 (or D1 to D12) from above downwards. If you palpate back of the neck from above downwards in the midline, you would come across a sudden projection […]

Spine Anatomy- Vertebral Column and Other Structures

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Spine anatomy can be understood by dividing the spine into bony and soft tissue components. Spine can be divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions. There are anatomical variations both in skeletal and nonskeletal components in all these regions. Spinal cord and the nerves coming out of spine are the neural tissue contained […]

Bone Spur or Osteophyte- Causes and Treatment

A bone spur is a bony growth formed on a normal bone. In medical language, it is termed as an osteophyte. A bone spur is an extra bone and can cause symptoms due to pressure on adjacent tissues. Bone spurs are also called osteochondral nodules, osteochondrophytes, and chondro-osteophytes. Osteophyte is part of degenerative changes that […]

Tendon Transfer Principles

Tendon transfer is used to replace the deficient motor unit and to restore function. The functional loss may occur secondary to tendon rupture, peripheral nerve injury, plexus injury or other neuropathies. In tendon transfer, a healthy functional tendon to be transferred is transected then transferred to another tendon or bone to restore function. The neurovascular […]

Rolando Fracture – Presentation and Treatment

Rolando fracture is a three-part intraarticular fracture-dislocation of the base of the thumb. This is an unstable injury that requires surgical reduction and fixation. It is named after Silvio Rolando, an Italian surgeon who described it first. Relevant Anatomy, Mechanism of Injury and Pathophysiology The carpometacarpal joint is between the base of thumb and trapezium […]

Septic Arthritis or Infectious Arthritis

Septic arthritis is a term used when the joint space is infected with microorganisms which can be bacteria, viruses, mycobacteria, and fungi. Septic arthritis also includes prosthetic joint infections. Septic arthritis is also called infectious arthritis. Joints are quite resistant to infection but there are some risk factors that increase the risk increased infection. These […]

Osteon or Haversian System and Its Significance

The osteon is the basic building block and fundamental functional unit of compact bone. It is also called a Haversian system, named after Clopton Havers, an English physician who worked extensively on the microstructure of the bone. Structurally, osteons are roughly cylindrical structures which are several millimeters long and around 0.2 mm in diameter. Structure […]

Fracture Reduction and Fixation – Principles, Types and Application

Fracture reduction treatment has evolved from its earlier days and now includes many modalities. This article describes the basic terms of reduction and fixation. Closed Reduction Closed reduction of the fracture means reducing the fracture fragments into acceptable anatomical position. After reduction has been achieved by manipulation and maneuvers, the alignment is generally maintained by […]

Osteochondral Lesions of Talus

Osteochondral lesions of talus represent approximately 4% of all cases of osteochondral lesions. Previously terms like osteochondritis dessicans, transchondral talus fracture, and osteochondral talus fracture have been used to describe these lesions which involve cartilage as well as the bone of the talus. A history of trauma is documented in more than 85% of patients […]