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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

Spine

Congenital Scoliosis – Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Congenital scoliosis types

Congenital scoliosis is the curvature due to the imbalance of growth of the spine caused by the presence of vertebral defects. Congenital scoliosis is the most frequent congenital deformity of the spine, the two others being congenital kyphosis and congenital lordosis. The prevalence of congenital scoliosis is estimated at 1-4%. Causes and Associations Most of […]

Filed Under: Spine

Atlantoaxial Instability Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

ADI and PADI in atlantoaxial instability

Atlantoaxial instability implies excessive movement between the first cervical vertebra or atlas, and second cervical vertebra or axis. Atlantoaxial joint is formed between these two vertebrae This joint is a kind of transition zone and the instability may occur because of bony or ligamentous instability. The instability can be asymptomatic or cause neck pain and […]

Filed Under: Spine

Subaxial Cervical Spine Injury or Injury to C3-C7 vertebrae

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Flexion Type Teardrop Fracture of Cervical Spine

The term lower cervical spine injury refers to the Injury of the subaxial cervical spine or that is below axis. It includes injuries to C3-C7 vertebra and adjoining structures. Lower cervical spine injuries are very common and are associated with substantial mortality and morbidity. The cervical spine can get injured during motor vehicle accidents or […]

Filed Under: Spine

Allen Classification of Cervical Spine Injury

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Main groups of Allen classification of subaxal spine injuries

Allen classification of cervical injury is also called mechanistic classification and was given by  Allen and associates in 1982. The translation of kinetic energy into fractures and dislocations is determined by two independent variables Injury vector Posture of the cervical spine at the time of accident Allen et al presumed that identical segmental failures could […]

Filed Under: Spine

Subaxial Cervical Spine Injury Classification System or SLICS

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

mri-c5-c6-dislocation

The Subaxial Cervical Spine Injury Classification (SLIC) system is a classification system for subaxial cervical spine injury. This is one of the recommended classification systems for lower cervical injury. Not only it helps to determine the injury pattern and its severity but also it guides the treatment considerations and prognosis. The classification is similar to TLICS […]

Filed Under: Spine

Spinal Cord Stimulation- Concept and Use

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Spinal cord stimulation or neurostimulati is a pain-relief technique that works by masking the pain signals before they reach the brain by delivering a low-voltage electrical current, by a surgically implanted device, to the spinal cord. The spinal cord stimulation device is the most commonly used implantable neurostimulation technology for management of chronic pain. They […]

Filed Under: Spine

TLICS- Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Broken implant in spine injury, for TLICS

Thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score or TLICS  is a scoring system for thoracolumbar fractures which classifies and provides guidance to the treatment as well. TLICS is based on three major categories Morphology of the injury Integrity of the posterior ligamentous complex Neurologic status of the patient. Denis classification of spinal injuries which is based […]

Filed Under: Spine

Diabetic Lumbosacral Plexopathy

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Relations of lower lumbosacral plexus or sacral plexus

Diabetic Lumbosacral Plexopathy is a condition where proximal neuropathy occurs in nerves and often involves roots of lumbosacral plexus. It is also called lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy. It is said to involve about 0.1% of diabetic and is seen more commonly in type 2 diabetes. Diabetic lumbosacral plexopathy results in pain, weakness of proximal muscles leading […]

Filed Under: Spine

Deltoid Fibrosis or Deltoid Contracture

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Image of Deltoid Fibrosis

Deltoid fibrosis is a condition where intramuscular fibrous bands within lead to contractures and stiffness of the shoulder joint. Deltoid fibrosis is part of the fibrotic conditions affecting both upper and lower limbs affecting a variable number of limbs. It is seen in people of all ages, but it has been reported primarily in children. […]

Filed Under: Spine

Brachial Plexopathy – Causes, Symtptoms and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Anatomy of Brachial Plexus

Brachial plexopathy is an affection of brachial plexus. Plexopathy refers to a disorder affecting nerves, blood or lymph vessels in the regions of the brachial or lumbosacral plexus, the two major plexus in the body. The symptoms of plexopathy include pain, loss of motor control, and sensory deficits. It should be kept in the mind that the […]

Filed Under: Spine

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articular cartilage zones

Articular Cartilage Structure and Function

Articular cartilage is the layer covering the joint surfaces. Its main function is to produce smooth articulations among the joint surfaces. In most joints, adult human articular cartilage is of the hyaline type. The thickness of human articular cartilage varies from area to area within a single joint and from joint to joint. In large […]

A Typical Chance Fracture

Chance Fracture of Spine

Chance fracture is a flexion-distraction injury that involves only the osseous structures from posterior to anterior through the spinous process, pedicles, and vertebral body, respectively because the bony elements fail,  and ligamentous components remaining intact. In adults, the Chance fracture most commonly is found in the upper lumbar spine, but it may be observed in […]

Pseudogout - chondrocalcinosis

Chondrocalcinosis Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

Chondrocalcinosis means streaking of soft tissues with calcium. It is also used as a synonym for calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease because the finding of chondrocalcinosis has been mostly associated with calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, a disease that is caused by deposition of calcium pyrophosphate crystals. Pesudogout is another name used for pyrophosphate deposition disease but […]

Congenital Trigger Thumb, Notta nodule is marked

Pediatric or Congenital Trigger Thumb

Congenital trigger thumb or pediatric trigger thumb as it is called now is a condition that results in abnormal flexion at the interphalangeal joint. That is why it also called flexion contracture of the thumb. It is a separate entity than the adult trigger thumb. This occurs due to thickening and constriction of fibrous tendon […]

Ilioinguinal approach Incision

Surgical Approaches to Acetabulum

Approaches to Acetabulum Approaches to acetabulum could be anterior approaches, posterior approaches or extensile approaches. Anterior approaches to acetabulum include Iliofemoral Approach Ilioinguinal Approach Posterior approaches to acetabulum include Kocher Langenbach Transtroachanteric Extensile approaches to acetabulum include Triradiate Transtrochanteric Extended Iliofemoral Iliofemoral Apporach to Acetabulum This approach provides access to the iliac crest and the […]

Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury of Knee

Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury of Knee

Lateral collateral ligament injury occurs in the knee following a varus force across the knee. This may occur due to a blow to the medial side of the knee or a force that causes hyperextension of the knee. The lateral collateral ligament is the ligament of the knee that originates close to the lateral epicondyle and […]

inflammatory back pain

Inflammatory Back Pain – Causes and Treatment

Inflammatory back pain is the back pain which occurs due to inflammation of spinal joints and affects 1-2 in every thousand people. Mechanical back pain is the most common cause of back pain. This is different from the back pain from the mechanical causes. Commonly affected joints are the sacroiliac joints but other parts of […]

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