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Bone and Spine

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Spine

Lumbosacral Plexopathy – Causes and Management

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Lumbar plexus details, PD wiki

Lumbosacral plexopathy is an injury to the nerves in the lumbar or sacral plexus. Lumbosacral plexopathy can be caused by many disorders. The prevalence of lumbosacral plexopathies is unknown and is much less common than brachial plexopathies. Risk factors vary based on cause. Relevant Anatomy The lumbar and sacral plexuses together make lumbosacral plexus which […]

Filed Under: Spine

Transitional Vertebra Definition and Types

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

A transitional vertebra at any junction is characterized by features retained from two adjacent regions in the vertebral column. For example in the lumbosacral transitional vertebra, there is an L5 vertebra that can become like S1 vertebra or S1 can leave the sacrum and become an L6. As we know from our knowledge of the […]

Filed Under: Anatomy, Spine

Adjacent Segment Disease Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Cervical Spine Fusion - Adjacent segment disease is known complication

Adjacent Segment Disease is defined as new degenerative changes at a spinal level adjacent to a surgically treated level or levels in the spine, leading to symptoms of radiculopathy, myelopathy, or instability. It is denoted as ASDis This condition may or may not result in any symptoms. The term adjacent segment degeneration (ASDeg) is used […]

Filed Under: Spine

Neurogenic Claudication – Risks, Pathophysiology and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

neurogenic claudication

Neurogenic claudication, also called pseudoclaudication, is a common symptom of lumbar spinal stenosis due to causing impingement or inflammation of the spinal nerves Claudication refers to an impairment in walking or pain, discomfort, numbness, or tiredness in the legs that occurs during walking or standing and is relieved by rest. The word claudication comes from the Latin claudicare meaning ‘to limp’. Thus, it is […]

Filed Under: Spine

Spinal Stenosis – Causes, Types, Symptoms and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Spinal Stenosis, Lumbar Canal - In public domain

Spinal stenosis indicates a pathological condition causing the compression of the contents of the canal, especially neural structures. The term stenosis means a narrowing of the caliber of an orifice or a tube. Spinal stenosis, therefore, defines a narrowing of the bone channel occupied by the spinal nerves or the spinal cord. This is usually […]

Filed Under: Spine

Bertolotti Syndrome – Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Bertolotti syndrome is caused by lumbosacral transitional vertebra.

Bertolotti syndrome is the presence of a variation of the fifth lumbar vertebra with a large transverse process, either articulated or fused with the sacral basis or iliac crest, producing a chronic, persistent lower back pain. It may also cause isolated L4/5 disc disease. Bertolotti described a unilateral and bilateral enlargement of the transverse process […]

Filed Under: Spine

Cervical Orthoses – Collars and Post Appliances

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Minerva Brace

Cervical orthoses could be prefabricated or custom made. Prefabricated cervical orthoses are of two basic types: collars and post appliances. There are a lot of other custom made designs. Apart from serving a reminder to the wearer to restrict head and neck motions,  depending on design and fit, a particular orthosis  may impose forces to position the head, […]

Filed Under: Spine

What is Spinal Tumor Syndrome?

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Types of lesion in tuberculosis of spine

Spinal tumor syndrome is not a condition in itself. It is a clinical label for the patient’s condition with many differentials in the offering. Most often, the term is used in cases of spine tuberculosis where there is no apparent osseous lesion. To understand spinal tumor syndrome one must first know about the typical presentation […]

Filed Under: Infections, Spine

Backpacks and Back Pain- Tips to Use Backpacks in Children?

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Do backpacks cause back pain children

Back pain in children is not that common and often may be associated with underlying disorders. However, recent evidence has suggested backpacks in school-going children to be a cause of back pain. Yes! backpacks and back pain could be related. The school going does involve carrying backpacks filled with books and materials and is continuing […]

Filed Under: Spine

Pyogenic Vertebral osteomyelitis Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

vertebral osteomyelitis image

Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis is a type of spinal infection which may result from direct trauma, the spread of infection from adjacent structures or hematogenous spread from the distant focus of infection. It can have devastating complications if untreated which could be a pathological fracture, epidural infection, and compression of the neural structures. Vertebral osteomyelitis is […]

Filed Under: Infections, Spine

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top view of bony pelvis

Bony Pelvis Anatomy

The pelvic region of the trunk is the lower part of the trunk, between the abdomen and the thighs. It includes the following structures. Bony pelvis or pelvic skeleton is formed by hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx. Anatomy of the pelvis includes anatomy of the bony pelvis and its contents. In this article, we would discuss […]

Kohler disease of patella

Kohler Disease of Patella

Osteochondrosis of the primary ossification center of the patella is also called Kohler disease [navicular osteochondrosis is also called Kohler disease]. For sake of differentiation, some authors also term it as Kohler disease of the patella.  It is a rare cause of knee pain in children between 5 and 9 years of age. It affects […]

skeletal traction in upper tibial pin

Skeletal Traction – Indication, Uses and Complications

Skeletal traction is a type of traction where the force is applied directly to the bone by inserting metal pins/screws in the bone. This is in contrast to the skin traction which applies the force on the limb through the skin surface. Traction is one of the oldest orthopedic treatment methods used for fracture, pain […]

Classification of Scapular Fractures

Scapula Fracture- Types, Presentation and Treatment

Scapula fracture is an uncommon injury.  The scapula is a bone that sits congruently against the ribs and stabilizes the upper extremity against the thorax. It links the upper extremity to the axial skeleton through the glenoid, the acromioclavicular joint, clavicle, and sternoclavicular joint. Scapula fractures are associated with high-energy trauma. Therefore, associated pulmonary or […]

An Above knee cast in patient of fracture tibia

Plaster Cast Application and Care

A plaster cast, slab or splint is applied in broken bones of upper or lower extremity. Plaster can be applied for a temporary period while waiting for definitive treatment or it could be definitive treatment in itself. The basic aim of a plaster application is immobilization of the fracture fragments and joints. A plaster could […]

Myalgia pain causes and treatment

Myalgia or Muscle Aches – Causes and Treatment

Myalgia is a medical term for muscle pain. It is derived from the prefix my(o)-, meaning muscle, and the suffix –algia, which refers to pain or a painful condition. Muscle aches can be caused by diseases and disorders. It is a common complaint among adults presenting for medical care. Nearly everyone, at some point in […]

infrapatellar bursitis

Infrapatellar Bursitis – Presentation and Treatment

Infrapatellar bursitis is inflammation of the infrapatellar bursa, a fluid-filled sac located just below the patella or kneecap. The superficial infrapatellar bursa is located between the patellar tendon and the skin. It lies anterior to patellar tendon and is subcutaneous.   The deep infrapatellar bursa is situated between the patellar ligament and the upper front […]

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