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Slipped Femoral Capital Epiphysis

Slipped femoral capital epiphysis is the disorder of the proximal femoral physis that leads to slippage of the epiphysis relative to the femoral neck. It is one of commonest hip abnormalities in adolescence. It affects both the hips in about 20% of cases. The incidence for slipped capital femoral epiphysis is about 10 cases per […]

Patella Fractures Presentation and Treatment

Patella fractures refer to fractures of kneecap, a sesamoid bone on the anterior aspect of the knee. It accounts for about 1% of all skeletal injuries. The patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body. It is contained within the extensor mechanism which consists of the quadriceps tendon proximally and the patellar ligament distally. […]

Carpal Bone Fractures

Carpal bone fractures is a collective term for fracture of the bones that make the carpus or wrist, also called carpal bones. Scaphoid fracture is most common of carpal bone fractures. Incidence of Carpal Bone Fractures Following is a rough approximate incidence of carpal bone fractures Scaphoid 68.2% Triquetrum 18.3% Trapezium 4.3% Lunate 3.9% Capitate […]

Foot Deformities and Their Causes

Foot deformities can be congenital or acquired conditions which occur due to structural abnormalities or muscular imbalances. Foot is formed of bones, joints, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. While provides structural arrangement and strength, muscle tendons and ligaments are responsible for maintaining shape and carrying functions of the foot. This unique arrangement makes foot stable, strong, […]

Cauda Equina Syndrome

Cauda equina syndrome refers to a characteristic pattern of neuromuscular and urogenital symptoms resulting from the compression of multiple lumbosacral nerves in cauda equine [see below]. The spinal cord ends at L1- L2 level. It tapers before ending. The most distal bulbous part of the spinal cord is called the conus medullaris, and its tapering […]

Musculoskeletal Tuberculosis – Symptoms and Treatment

Musculoskeletal tuberculosis (Tuberculosis of bone and joints or popularly known as bone TB) is found more in children, adolescents, and young adults, than in the elderly. The spine is the most common site of involvement, followed by the hip and knee. In the spine, the usual involvement is vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks in the […]

Spinal Nerves Structure, Types and Function

Spinal nerves are the nerves that originate in the spinal cord and form part of the peripheral nervous system. Spinal nerves are mixed types of nerves. A mixed nerve is one which transmits motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body. In humans, there are 31 spinal nerves on each side […]