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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

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Trauma

Radiographs in Orthopedics

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

x-ray machine

Radiographs are also called or roentgenographs named after the discoverer of X-rays, Wilhelm Röntgen. Radiographs are produced by transmitting X-rays through a patient.  Rontgen discovered X-rays in 1895 and received the first Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery in 1901. In the conventional film-screen radiography, an X-ray machine tube generates a beam of X-rays, aimed […]

Filed Under: Trauma

Principles of Treatment of Fractures

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Orthopedics Operating room

It is a dictum in orthopedics that no two fractures are alike. Every fracture behaves differently from other. In the same part fractured, there could be different types of treatment depending on many factors other than fracture geometry. Treatment of fractures takes various things into consideration -age of the patient, fracture pattern, type of bone […]

Filed Under: Trauma

Open Fractures- Features, Classification and Management

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Open Fracture Femur With Bone Jutting Out

Open fractures are fractures where hematoma is in communication with the external environment. An open fracture may have a wound size ranging from a pinprick to complete baring of the bone. Open fractures have been further classified according to their severity and help the treating doctor to plan the treatment and measure the prognosis. Open […]

Filed Under: Trauma

Injury Severity Score

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Injury Severity Score is based on Abbreviated Injury Scale and is used in the assessment of injury in adults an children both. It along with pediatric trauma score are quite reliable in predicting injury measure in children. Abbreviated Injury Scale is an anatomical scoring system where injuries are ranked on a scale of 1 to […]

Filed Under: Trauma

Pediatric Trauma Score

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Pediatric trauma score is a score used in pediatric injuries to gauge vulnerability of the injured child to traumatic injury. The score uses the following parameters Weight of the child Airway status Systolic BP Consciousness Level Type of fractures Type of Wound Following table shows how to calculate the score for each parameter-   Score […]

Filed Under: Trauma

Injured and Alone – What To Do?

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

injured and alone

Being injured and alone is one of the most frightening situations as the person is unable to reach anyone for help. while it may be frightening, it is not uncommon. Remember the movie 127 hours!! Frightening. isn’t it? Patients of trauma fall into minor injuries or major injuries. A person with major injuries can be […]

Filed Under: Trauma

Sauve Kapandji Procedure

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

SAUVE-KAPANDJI procedure on distal ulna

Sauve Kapandji procedure is a procedure which  involves removal of about 10 mm of ulna proximal to distal radio ulnar joint and fixing the distal fragment of ulna to radius by means of screw. Sauve Kapandji procedure aims at creating a new joint at the level where ulna is cut and serves two purposes. First […]

Filed Under: Procedures, Trauma

Darrach Procedure

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Darrach procedure is removal of distal ulna. It was first performed by Darrach in 1911 in New York City. Darrach Procedure is done for- For relief of pain following distal RU disruption and/or RU arthritis; For symptomatic malunion of Colle fracture in elderly patients, especially when stiffness is present Darrach  procedure is generally performed on […]

Filed Under: Procedures, Trauma

Bedsores or Pressure Ulcers

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

bedsores or pressure injuries

Bedsores are localized injuries to the skin and underlying tissue that usually occur over a bony prominence as a result of pressure. These can also occur as a result of a combination of pressure and shear and/or friction in the areas with partial. Similarly, complete blood flow obstruction may cause bedsores. There are various other […]

Filed Under: Trauma

Nonunion, Delayed Union and Malunion of Fractures

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Screw Pull Out and Nonunion of Fracture Humerus

Malunion and nonunion are complications of fracture treatment. Nonunion of fracture is a delayed complication of fracture. Literally, it means the absence of a union. But by definition, a bone can be labeled as in nonunion only when the union has not occurred in the bone even after a passage of sufficient time [in which […]

Filed Under: Trauma

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Chondromalacia Patella

Chondromalacia Patella – Presentation and Treatment

Chondromalacia patella is a condition characterized by softening and degeneration of the patellar articular cartilage. Chondromalacia patella is a term sometimes considered synonymous with patellofemoral pain syndrome but patellofemoral pain syndrome is a term that applies only to individuals without cartilage damage. Chondromalacia patella is considered the most common cause of chronic knee pain. Cartilage […]

Subtrochanteric Fracture of Femur

Proximal Femur Fractures – Presentation and Treatment Approaches

Proximal femur fractures are fractures that occur in the femur in the hip region. These fractures are further divided into different subsets depending on the specific site involved. Proximal femur fractures tend to occur in two populations – in older patients where these result from low energy trauma in osteoporotic bones and in younger patients […]

Principles of tendon transfer

Tendon Transfer Principles

Tendon transfer is used to replace the deficient motor unit and to restore function. The functional loss may occur secondary to tendon rupture, peripheral nerve injury, plexus injury or other neuropathies. In tendon transfer, a healthy functional tendon to be transferred is transected then transferred to another tendon or bone to restore function. The neurovascular […]

Elbow joint bones

Elbow Joint Anatomy and Significance

The elbow joint is made up of three bones, the humerus, ulna, and radius. Elbow joint connects the proper arm to the forearm. It is a  synovial joint structurally but functionally is a hinge joint. Elbow joint allows flexion and extension. There are actually three joints at the elbow. Humeroulnar joint – Hinge joint formed […]

Xray showing shortening of femur, coxa vara, affected knee at higher level in case of proximal femoral focal deficiency

Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency or PFFD

Proximal femoral focal deficiency is a congenital disorder where the proximal femur is partially absent, and the entire limb is shortened. It is a rare disorder and affects 1-4 person per 50,000. It is also known as the congenital femoral deficiency. Cause and Pathophysiology The exact cause of proximal femoral deficiency is not known but […]

bicipital tendonitis relevant anatomy

Bicipital Tendonitis or Biceps Tendonitis

Bicipital tendonitis [also called biceps tendinitis or tendionpathy], or, is an inflammatory process of the long head of the biceps tendon. Bicipital tendinitis can occur due to impingement or rotator cuff injuries, tears of glenoid labrum, and other intra-articular pathologies. Pathophysiology of Bicipital Tendonitis Biceps has its origins from two heads. The long head biceps […]

wound-dressings

Wound Healing Process and Types

Wound healing is a complex process taken up by the body to repair the defect by restoring cellular structure and tissue layers. Wound healing process has distinct phases which are Hemostasis Inflammatory Phase Proliferative or Granulation Phase Remodeling Phase Hemostasis Some authors consider this a separate entity and do not include in phases of wound […]

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