Posterior cruciate ligament injury or PCL injury is less common than the anterior cruciate ligament injury. A posterior cruciate ligament tear may result in disability ranging from no impairment to severe impairment. The primary function of the PCL is to prevent posterior translation of the tibia on the femur. The posterior cruciate ligament is also important […]
Trauma
Calcaneus Fracture – Causes, Presentation and Treatment
Calcaneus fracture or os calcis represent 2% of all fractures seen in adults. The os calcis is the most frequently fractured tarsal bone and accounts for more than 60% of tarsal fractures. Calcaneus is the bone that forms the heel. Calcaneus fractures are most commonly seen in young men. Extra-articular fractures account for 30% of […]
Scaphoid Fractures – Classification, Presentation and Treatment
The scaphoid is most frequently fractured carpal bone. Scaphoid fractures account for up to 15% of acute wrist injuries and 50% to 80% of carpal fractures. Scaphoid fractures have been reported in people aged 10-70 years but commonly occur in young, active individuals, peak incidence being in the second and third decades of life. Scaphoid […]
Fall on to Outstretched Hand or FOOSH Injuries
FOOSH is an acronym for fall onto an outstretched hand. Fall is a common cause of orthopedic injuries. Whenever one falls, it is a protective reflex to outstretch the hand. This fall on an outstretched hand can lead different patterns of injuries A number of injuries of the upper limb occur because of fall onto […]
Scapholunate Instability [Scapholunate Ligament Injury]
Scapholunate instability is a spectrum of wrist instabilities that have occult scapholunate interosseous ligaments sprains on one side and scapholunate advanced collapse on the other side. Often the term is used interchangeably with scapholunate dissociation but in a strict sense, the scapholunate dissociation is one of the types of scapholunate instability. To summarize, acute disruption […]
Wrist Instability Types, Diagnosis and Treatment
Wrist Instability or carpal instability occurs when takes wrist is damaged by trauma, chronic inflammation or anatomical alterations like ulnar variance and neoplasms. Injuries to the ligaments of the wrist represent a broad spectrum of pathology. There are a number of ligaments of the wrist maintaining a complex articulation of carpal bones. Ligament injuries are […]
Perilunate Injuries – Perilunate Dislocations and Perilunate Fracture Dislocations
Perilunate injuries which include perilunate dislocations and perilunate fracture-dislocations are the most devastating closed injuries of the wrist that involve traumatic rupture of the radioscaphocapitate ligament, the scapholunate interosseous ligament, and the lunotriquetral interosseous ligament. Because the lunate is strongly bound to the radius and ulna by the palmar capsular ligaments, in severe injuries the […]
Wrist Biomechanics and Mechanism of Wrist Injuries
Wrist biomechanics and function of the human wrist joint are unique. The wrist joint is a diarthrodial joint composed of two rows of carpal bones. The proximal row articulates with the distal articular surface of the radius, which consists of the scaphoid fossa and the lunate, fossa. The distal surface of the scaphoid, lunate, and […]
Anatomy of Wrist – Bones, Joints, Muscles and Ligaments
The wrist is a complex joint formed by a collection of multiple bones and joints bridges the hand to the forearm. It is an ellipsoidal joint. The bones comprising the wrist include Distal ends of the radius and ulna 8 carpal bones Proximal portions of the 5 metacarpal bones Wrist carries complex articulations that allow […]
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury or ACL Injury
Anterior cruciate ligament injury is a very common injury of the knee. It may occur in isolation or along with other soft tissue or bony injury of the knee. Anterior cruciate ligament injury or ACL injury most commonly results from a low velocity, noncontact deceleration injuries or pivoting injuries and contact injuries with a rotational […]