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New Recomendations for Exercise in Arthritis [EULAR 2018]

There is no doubt that patients with osteoarthritis and inflammatory arthritis are benefited by regular exercises. In fact, recommending physical activity is the standard of care in the management of these conditions. To help patients and healthcare providers make a better selection on physical activity choices, European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) has come out with […]

Flexor Tendon Zones of Hand

There are five flexor tendon zones in hand. Flexor tendon zones influence prognosis following flexor tendon repair. The five flexor tendon zones apply only to the index through small fingers as separate zones exist for the thumb flexor tendon. Zone I Zone I extends from the tip of the finger to the middle of the […]

Sprengel Deformity – Congenital High Scapula

Sprengel deformity is a congenital condition where the scapula is small and located higher than its normal position because of its failure to descend to its position. There could also be scapular winging and presence of omovertebral bone 30-50%]. Omovertebral bone is an anomalous bone connecting the elevated scapula to the cervical spine. It is […]

Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries and Their Treatment

Acromioclavicular joint injuries are also known as shoulder separations, acromioclavicular joint separation or acromioclavicular joint dislocation and occur as a result of downward force on the acromion. Acromioclavicular joint injuries occur most commonly in sporting activities. These are most commonly seen in young adults although an increasing trend is noted in children due to increased […]

Microfracture Chondroplasty

The microfracture chondroplasty is a technique to treat full-thickness cartilage defects that lead to the formation of new joint surface cartilage. It includes the debridement of the damaged area and puncturing the underlying bone with a micro-instrument or pick to allow bleeding from the bone. The resulting blood clot that fills the cartilage defect has […]

Endochondral Ossification and Intramembranous Ossification

Endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossifications are two types of ossification, process that results in the formation of bone tissue.
The two types of ossifications differ in the way new bone is formed.

In endochondral ossification, a cartilage is formed as a precursor on which new bone is laid down.

Intramembranous ossification is the direct laying down of bone into the primitive connective tissue (mesenchyme) and there is no intermediate cartilage involved.

Upper Limb Structure and Functions

The upper limb and lower limbs were evolved basically for bearing the weight of the body and for locomotion. In quadrupeds forelimbs and hindlimbs are, therefore, built on the same basic pattern. Each limb is made up of a basal segment or girdle, and a free part divided into proximal, middle and distal segments. The […]

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Anatomy of Metatarsal Bones and Phalanges

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