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Radial Clubhand Diagnosis and Treatment

Radial clubhand is a term for a longitudinal deficiency of the radius and other structures on the radial side of forearm and hand. For example, absent thumb is a common accompaniment. Proximal deficiencies also can occur throughout the arm and shoulder girdle Radial club hand is found in 1 per 100000 people. Radial club hand […]

Anterior Knee Pain Scale- Use and Limitations

The anterior knee pain scale is a patient-reported assessment of symptoms and functional limitations in patellofemoral disorders. It was first published in 1993 by Kujala et al. The questions on the Kujala questionnaire add to total of100 points. Anterior knee pain results in significant symptoms and activity limitations. The anterior knee pain scale is a […]

Humerus Bone Anatomy and Attachments

The humerus is a bone that connects shoulder and elbow. The humerus is the largest bone in the upper limb and the only bone in the upper arm. Humerus movements participate in many day to day essential activities like throwing, lifting, writing and others which require movements of the shoulder joint. Proximally, humerus forms part of the […]

Scapular Dyskinesis – Causes, Tests and Treatment

Scapular dyskinesis is a term that denotes loss of control of normal scapular motion, physiology or mechanics. It is also called sometimes as scapular dyskinesia but dyskinesis is said to be a better term as dyskinesia is applied to abnormal active movements mediated by neurological factors e.g. tardive dyskinesia. Dyskinesis is a finding in the examination […]

Wrist Instability Types, Diagnosis and Treatment

Wrist Instability or carpal instability occurs when takes wrist is damaged by trauma, chronic inflammation or anatomical alterations like ulnar variance and neoplasms. Injuries to the ligaments of the wrist represent a broad spectrum of pathology. There are a number of ligaments of the wrist maintaining a complex articulation of carpal bones. Ligament injuries are […]

Patellar Height Measurement – Insall Salvati, Blackburne-Peel and Caton-Deschamps Indices

Patellar height measurement becomes important in the diagnosis of patella alta and patella baja. Patella alta is a condition where the patella is high riding than its normal position. Patella baja refers to low lying position of the patella. Both conditions have been discussed separately. Measurement of patellar height can confirm or rule out the […]

Low Back Pain – Causes and Treatment

Lower back pain can result from muscles and tendons of the back, nerve roots, joints of spine and viscera. Few of these lower back pain are acute whereas others are chronic in nature. The symptoms and severity of lower back pain vary greatly. What is seemingly a simple symptom may in fact point to a […]

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