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Medial Collateral Ligament Injury of Knee

Medial collateral ligament injury of the knee is the most common ligament injury of the knee and occurs in all age groups. It is more common in sportspersons especially in sports like football, hockey, wrestling, and other contact sports. The medial collateral ligament is the ligament present on medial [inner] side of the knee and […]

Kohler Disease or Navicular Osteochondrosis

Kohler disease is osteochondrosis of the navicular bone, first described by Kohler in 1908. In this condition also called navicular osteochondrosis, there is avascular necrosis navicular bone. Alban Kohler was a German radiologist who first described this condition. Exact occurrence of Kohler disease is not known. The disorder is more frequent in children aged 5-10 […]

Cerebral Palsy Presentation and Management

Cerebral palsy is a group of permanent movement disorders appearing in early childhood and caused by abnormal development or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement, balance, and posture. The symptoms often include poor coordination, stiff muscles, weak muscles, and tremors. There could also be problems with sensation, vision, hearing, swallowing, and […]

Bertolotti Syndrome – Causes and Treatment

Bertolotti syndrome is the presence of a variation of the fifth lumbar vertebra with a large transverse process, either articulated or fused with the sacral basis or iliac crest, producing a chronic, persistent lower back pain. It may also cause isolated L4/5 disc disease. Bertolotti described a unilateral and bilateral enlargement of the transverse process […]

Bone Mineralization Process

Bone mineralization is the process of laying down minerals on a matrix of the bone. Normal bone is composed of 50 to 70% mineral, 20 to 40% organic matrix, 5 to 10% water, and <3% lipids. Calcium and phosphorus are chief minerals found in the bone along with small amount of carbonate, magnesium. The mineral […]

Knee Pain Causes and Treatment

Knee pain is one of the common complaints that people seek consultation for. Knee pain can be acute or chronic. Acute knee pains can be caused by an acute injury or infection. Chronic knee pains could follow an episode of acute pain but also could start insidiously and progress with time. Repetitive injuries, inflammatory diseases, […]

Local Antibiotic Delivery To Infected Bone

Local antibiotic delivery is able to deliver high doses of local antibiotic with low risk of systemic toxicity. Bone and joint infections are localized infections and systemic antibiotics alone cannot be sufficient especially when the infected wound has poorly perfused areas or dead space. Therefore local antibiotic delivery may be required in cases of bone and […]

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