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Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism Presentation and Treatment

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is state of hyperparathyroidism characterized by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone after long-standing secondary hyperparathyroidism, even after the correction of the cause of hyperparathyroidism. The term is also used in patients who have undergone kidney transplants but their parathyroid function does not return to normal. The cause is the same. The parathyroid glands […]

Upper Limb Structure and Functions

The upper limb and lower limbs were evolved basically for bearing the weight of the body and for locomotion. In quadrupeds forelimbs and hindlimbs are, therefore, built on the same basic pattern. Each limb is made up of a basal segment or girdle, and a free part divided into proximal, middle and distal segments. The […]

Spondylolisthesis – Presentation and Treatment

The term spondylolisthesis derived from the Greek spondylos, meaning “vertebra,” and olisthenein, meaning “to slip.” Spondylolisthesis is defined as anterior or posterior slipping of one segment of the spine on the next lower segment. Classification of Spondylolisthesis There are two classifications of spondylolisthesis. One is by Wiltse, Newman, and Macnab’s classification of and other is […]

Normal Cervical Spine Xray

Normal Cervical Spine X-ray The cervical spine is the part of the spine that is present in the neck region. It is formed by first 7 vertebrae of the spine numbered from C1 to C7. The spine begins with C1 vertebra which is also called Atlas. Next vertebra is Axis. Seventh cervical vertebra or C7 is […]

Pronator Syndrome or Pronator Teres Syndrome

Pronator syndrome is a compressive neuropathy of the median nerve at the level of the elbow. The median nerve, one of the three major nerves of the upper limb mainly supplies the hand and is also known as the eye of the hand. Pronator syndrome or pronator teres syndrome results in a predominantly sensory alteration […]

Four Corner Arthrodesis [Fusion] of the Wrist

Four corner arthrodesis involves excision of scaphoid and fusion of the remaining wrist bones in neutral alignment. It is motion preserving limited arthrodesis and provides pain relief and improved grip strength. This four corner arthrodesis is based on the principle that the radiolunate articulation is often spared from degenerative changes from conditions. Indications SLAC wrist […]

Osteotomy Procedure and Indications

An osteotomy is a surgical procedure where the bone is cut to change its length or alignment. Often the procedure is done in an attempt to correct an abnormality that has resulted from trauma or disease. The procedure is able to correct the following deformities. valgus/varus angulation anterior/posterior angulation internal/external rotation lengthening/shortening medial/lateral shift dorsal/ventral […]