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Distal Femur Fractures Presentation and Treatment

Distal femur fractures have traditionally been associated with young patients but are increasing in the geriatric population. They are commonly found in young, healthy males and elderly osteopenic females. With increased use of prostheses, periprosthetic fractures becoming more common These fractures require anatomically stable fixation. The fractures represent high energy injury in young patients whereas […]

Peroneal Nerve Entrapment

Peroneal nerve entrapment can occur in either common peroneal nerve, superficial peroneal nerve or deep peroneal nerve. To understand these entrapments and their effects, it is important to understand the anatomy. Relevant Anatomy Peroneal Nerve About mid-thigh or lower, sciatic nerve divides into two branches – common peroneal nerve and tibial nerve. The common peroneal […]

Coxa Valga Causes and Treatment

Coxa valga is increased in femoral neck-shaft angle tp more than 140 degrees. Like coxa vara, coxa valga could be congenital or acquired. But it is quite rare as compared to coxa vara. Coxa valga is often associated with shallow acetabular angles and femoral head subluxation. It can be associated with genu varum and lead […]

Loose Bodies in Joint- Causes and Treatment

Loose bodies refer to the fragments of cartilage or bone that freely float inside the joint space and can occur as a result of an injury or wear or tear over time. There can be one or many loose bodies in the joint as determined by severity of the disease. The loose bodies can be […]

Shoulder Hand Syndrome

Complex regional pain syndrome of upper limbs after stroke is frequently called shoulder-hand syndrome (SHS). Complex regional pain syndrome is neuropathic pain disorders that develop as an exaggerated response to a traumatic lesion or nerve damage or as the consequence of a distant process such as a stroke, spinal lesion or myocardial infarction. However, sometimes […]

Stagnara Wake Up Test

Damage to the spinal cord and subsequent neurological deficit may occur during surgery of the spinal cord. Stagnara wake up test aims at recognizing early intraoperative warning of potential damage. If the injury is recognized, steps can be taken to undo the process that might have caused it. For example, if spinal injury signs are […]

Incomplete Spinal Injury Patterns

An incomplete spinal injury is defined as spinal cord injury with some preserved motor or sensory function below the injury level. The spared function may be including Voluntary anal contraction (sacral sparing) Palpable or visible muscle contraction below the injury level Perianal sensation present It must be noted that the completeness of the lesion is the […]