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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

  • General Ortho
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General Ortho

Classification of Bones and Its Significance

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

types of bone in body

Classification of bones can be done in more than one way. It is important to understand the terms used so that confusion does not arise. Classification of Bones According to Shape Long bones Each long bone has an elongated shaft or diaphysis and two expanded ends (epiphyses) which are smooth and articular. The shaft typically […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

Head Halter Traction- Use and Complications

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

head halter traction

Head halter traction or cervical halter is a type of spinal traction used in cervical ailments and injuries. It is similar to skin traction used on the limbs and is based on the same principles. The head halter traction is provided by using head halter traction devices which produce an effect of stretching the neck […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

Pulled Muscle in Chest – Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Thoracic muscles cause Pulled muscle in chest

A pulled muscle in chest means a tear or injury in the muscles of the thoracic cage. Relevant Anatomy Thoracic cage is composedof 12 pairs of ribs and sternum. {read more about thoracic cage anatomy} The muscles of the thoracic cage are Intercostals External Internal Innermost Subcostals Transversus thoracis All of these muscles act to change […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

Bone Spur or Osteophyte- Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

bone spur

A bone spur is a bony growth formed on a normal bone. In medical language, it is termed as an osteophyte. A bone spur is an extra bone and can cause symptoms due to pressure on adjacent tissues. Bone spurs are also called osteochondral nodules, osteochondrophytes, and chondro-osteophytes. Osteophyte is part of degenerative changes that […]

Filed Under: General Ortho, Wellness

Foods for Healthy Bones- Sources and Requirement

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

foods for healthy bones

Doctor! What are foods for healthy bones? What should I eat so that I get strong bones and joints? I received this question in my mail recently. Actually, it is an often asked question. Not only this, some people are interested in superfoods for healthy bones. Well! Before we discuss the foods for healthy bones […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

Female Athlete Triad or Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

female athlete triad

The female athlete triad is a combination of menstrual dysfunction, low energy availability with or without an eating disorder, and decreased bone mineral density often seen in young women in competitive sports. The new term for this entity is Relative energy deficiency in sport [RED-S]. Classically female athlete triad was defined as consisting of disordered […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

Scapular Dyskinesis – Causes, Tests and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

type 3 scapular dyskinesis

Scapular dyskinesis is a term that denotes loss of control of normal scapular motion, physiology or mechanics. It is also called sometimes as scapular dyskinesia but dyskinesis is said to be a better term as dyskinesia is applied to abnormal active movements mediated by neurological factors e.g. tardive dyskinesia. Dyskinesis is a finding in the examination […]

Filed Under: General Ortho, Hand and Upper Limb

Normal Scapulohumeral Rhythm and Its Significance

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

scapulohumeral rhythm

Scapulohumeral rhythm is the interplay between the scapula and the humerus during motion of the shoulder. There is a definitive pattern of interaction of scapula and humerus when contributing to the motion of the shoulder. Scapulohumeral rhythm is also called glenohumeral rhythm. Optimal function of the shoulder is reliant on the coordinated movement of the […]

Filed Under: Anatomy, General Ortho

Implant Materials in Orthopedics- Metals, Ceramics and Polymers

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Implant material for hip replacement

Implants are biomaterial devices. A biomaterial is any substance or combination of substances (other than a drug), synthetic or natural in origin, that can be used for any period of time as a whole or part of a system that treats, augments or replaces any tissue, organ or function of the body. Implants are essential […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

Immune Response to Orthopedic Implants

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Screw Pull Out and Nonunion of Fracture Humerus

Immune response to orthopedic hardware after implantation could be due to metal sensitivity or against other components, usually of bone cement. The condition though rare, metal hypersensitivity should be considered. In cases of recurrent pain and aseptic loosening related to implanted hardware. The first report of cutaneous hypersensitivity caused by a metallic orthopedic implant was […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

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talus left medial view

Talus Bone Anatomy

Talus is a tarsal bone of hindfoot. There are about 26 bones in the human foot grouped into 3 parts – tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, and phalanges. The foot itself can be divided into 3 parts Hindfoot or rearfoot Midfoot Forefoot Hindfoot is formed by talus and calcaneus, two of the seven tarsal bones. Rest […]

Coxa vara and coxa vlaga

Coxa Valga Causes and Treatment

Coxa valga is increased in femoral neck-shaft angle tp more than 140 degrees. Like coxa vara, coxa valga could be congenital or acquired. But it is quite rare as compared to coxa vara. Coxa valga is often associated with shallow acetabular angles and femoral head subluxation. It can be associated with genu varum and lead […]

bone mineral density scanner

Bone Mineral Density

Bone mineral density or bone density is measure of mineral content in per square centimeter of bones. Bone mineral density is an indirect indicator of osteoporosis. Densitometery is the test for measurement of bone mineral density. As we grow after reaching peak bone mass, we lose some bone mass because of loss of bone minerals […]

osteochondroma of femur

Solitary Osteochondroma- Symptoms and Treatment

Solitary osteochondroma is a cartilage-capped bony projection on the external surface of a bone near the growth plate. It is considered a non-neoplastic anomaly similar to hamartoma. A neoplastic swelling means there is abnormal cell growth. However, it is a kind rather an overgrowth of the cartilage and bone. These are located adjacent to growth […]

Haglund Deformity Diagram

Haglund Deformity – Symptoms and Treatment

Bony enlargement on the back of calcaneum [heel] is called Haglund deformity. It is also known as a pump bump or Bauer bump or Mulhulland deformity. It often causes retrocalcaneal bursitis due to the involvement of bursa that lies in vicinity. It is also called the pump bump because of its association with high heel […]

Pediatric Trauma Score

Pediatric trauma score is a score used in pediatric injuries to gauge vulnerability of the injured child to traumatic injury. The score uses the following parameters Weight of the child Airway status Systolic BP Consciousness Level Type of fractures Type of Wound Following table shows how to calculate the score for each parameter-   Score […]

Anatomy and Physiology of Bone

Bone Anatomy and Physiology

The adult human skeleton has a total of 206 bones, excluding the sesamoid bones. The appendicular skeleton has 126 bones, axial skeleton 74 bones, and auditory ossicles six bones. [Read more about different bones and their classification] Each bone possesses a unique shape. But the bones across the body do possess similarities in terms of […]

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