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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

Trauma

Flail Chest Injury – Causes, Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

flail chest

Flail chest is caused by severe blunt injury which causes multiple [3 or more] segmental [rib fractures at two points say anterior and posterior] rib fracture resulting in paradoxical movement of broken chest wall segment [that becomes devoid of any attachment and moves with changes in intrathoracic pressure.] With a better understanding of injury pattern, […]

Filed Under: Trauma

Rib Fractures – Causes, Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

rib-cage

Rib fractures are the most common injury sustained after blunt chest trauma. Rib fractures are more common in elderly and adults [older people are more prone than young adults] than children. Elderly are more likely to have associated injuries and complications. Rib fractures can be associated with injury to internal organs. This includes injury to […]

Filed Under: Trauma

ACR Guidelines For Imaging of Rib Fracture

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

ACR guidelines for imaging of rib fracture

Rib fracture is the most common thoracic injury. It is found in 10% of all traumatic injuries and  40% of cases of blunt trauma. 5th to 9th ribs are most commonly involved probably due to the protection offered by shoulder girdle to upper ribs and mobility of lower ribs. Isolated rib fractures have relatively low […]

Filed Under: Trauma

Calcaneus Fracture – Causes, Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Anatomy of Calcaneus

Calcaneus fracture or os calcis represent 2% of all fractures seen in adults. The os calcis is the most frequently fractured tarsal bone and accounts for more than 60% of tarsal fractures. Calcaneus is the bone that forms the heel. Calcaneus fractures are most commonly seen in young men. Extra-articular fractures account for 30% of […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle, Trauma

Fall on to Outstretched Hand or FOOSH Injuries

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

fall on outstretched hand

FOOSH is an acronym for fall onto an outstretched hand. Fall is a common cause of orthopedic injuries. Whenever one falls, it is a protective reflex to outstretch the hand. This fall on an outstretched hand can lead  different patterns of injuries A number of injuries of the upper limb occur because of fall onto […]

Filed Under: Trauma

Mangled Extremity Severity Score

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Crush injury upper limb resulting in partial amputation

The Mangled extremity severity score is used in patients with trauma to a limb, particularly lower extremity trauma. As the name suggests, it determines how badly the injured limb is. The score applied to mangled extremities such as limbs overrun by vehicles. It was developed to discriminate between salvageable and the limbs which would require […]

Filed Under: Trauma

Soft Tissue Injury in Fractures – Different Systems of Classification

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

soft tissue injuries associated with fractures

Soft tissue injuries associated with fractures vary with the severity of the injury and often affect the treatment of underlying fractures. A soft tissue injury may result in an open fracture or the fracture may remain closed along with significant soft tissue injuries. A classification of the concomitant soft tissue injury offers the best support […]

Filed Under: Trauma

Intraarticular Fractures Principles and Management

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Intraarticular fractures - fracture of tibial plateau

Intraarticular fractures are the fractures where the fracture line crosses into the surface of a joint resulting in some degree of cartilage damage. The fractures can vary from hairline fractures to displaced fractures. Intraarticular fractures ideally should be reduced anatomically and fixed securely so that early joint movement can be allowed. Where this cannot be […]

Filed Under: Trauma

Greenstick Fractures Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Greenstick Fractures and other fractures, Image credit: St Luke

Greenstick fractures are incomplete fractures of long bones and are They are commonly mid-diaphyseal, affecting the forearm and lower leg. They are distinct from torus fractures. Greenstick fractures are incomplete fractures of long bones usually seen in young children, more commonly less than 10 years of age. They are commonly mid-diaphyseal and typically affect the forearm and lower leg. […]

Filed Under: Trauma

Different Forces That Cause Fracture

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Comminuted Segmental Fracture of Humerus

Why should a fracture occur and what are types of forces that cause the fracture to occur. A fracture is a break in continuity of the bone. Bone is a very strong tissue which is composed of minerals, which provide rigidity, and collagen, which provides tensile strength. A fracture is caused by a force acting […]

Filed Under: Trauma

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Primary Sidebar

Types of Surgical Resection of Tumors

Types of Surgical Resection of Tumors

Types of Surgical resection of the musculoskeletal tumors depend on the stage of the tumor and the type of surgical margin dictated by the histological grade which is required for the definitive local control. There are a number of modifying circumstances to be considered before the decision for surgery is made, e.g. the patient’ s age wishes […]

Sprengel Deformity

Sprengel Deformity – Congenital High Scapula

Sprengel deformity is a congenital condition where the scapula is small and located higher than its normal position because of its failure to descend to its position. There could also be scapular winging and presence of omovertebral bone 30-50%]. Omovertebral bone is an anomalous bone connecting the elevated scapula to the cervical spine. It is […]

failed back surgery syndrome

Failed Back Surgery Syndrome

Failed back surgery syndrome refers specifically to persistent or recurrent, chronic debilitating low back pain after one or more surgical procedures on the lumbosacral spine, such as a discectomy, laminectomy, and lumbosacral fusion. A spine surgery in the lumbar region  is mainly done for two causes To decompress a nerve root To stabilize a painful […]

Radius fracture Fracture fixed with DCP

Fracture Reduction and Fixation – Principles, Types and Application

Fracture reduction treatment has evolved from its earlier days and now includes many modalities.  This article describes the basic terms of reduction and fixation. Closed Reduction Closed reduction of the fracture means reducing the fracture fragments into acceptable anatomical position.  After reduction has been achieved by manipulation and maneuvers, the alignment is generally maintained by […]

Xray of Ulnar Dimelia

Ulnar Dimelia or Mirror Hand Syndrome

Ulnar dimelia is also called mirror hand syndrome. Ulnar dimelia is a congenital deformity where the radial ray, [the radius, scaphoid, trapezium, first metacarpal, and the phalanges of the thumb] are absent and there is a duplication of ulnar ray [una bone, carpal other than those in radial ray, metacarpal and phalanges of 2nd-5th finger].  […]

C2 vertebra from above

Axis or Second Cervical Vertebra [C2]

Axis is the second vertebra of the spine and is also called C2 bone vertebra. It articulates with C1 or atlas vertebra above and C3 vertebra below. The axis is an atypical cervical vertebra like atlas and vertebra prominens or C7 vertebra. It forms a pivot for atlas to rotate providing greater range of motion […]

Hip pointer image contusion

Hip Pointer Injury – Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

A hip pointer refers to a contusion to the iliac crest or the greater trochanter of the femur caused typically by a direct blow or fall.  Other involved structures may include the tensor fascia lata, the external oblique muscle and the greater trochanter of the femur. Severe cases may have In severe cases a hematoma, causing […]

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