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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

  • General Ortho
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Trauma

Flail Chest Injury – Causes, Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

flail chest

Flail chest is caused by severe blunt injury which causes multiple [3 or more] segmental [rib fractures at two points say anterior and posterior] rib fracture resulting in paradoxical movement of broken chest wall segment [that becomes devoid of any attachment and moves with changes in intrathoracic pressure.] With a better understanding of injury pattern, […]

Filed Under: Trauma

Rib Fractures – Causes, Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

rib-cage

Rib fractures are the most common injury sustained after blunt chest trauma. Rib fractures are more common in elderly and adults [older people are more prone than young adults] than children. Elderly are more likely to have associated injuries and complications. Rib fractures can be associated with injury to internal organs. This includes injury to […]

Filed Under: Trauma

ACR Guidelines For Imaging of Rib Fracture

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

ACR guidelines for imaging of rib fracture

Rib fracture is the most common thoracic injury. It is found in 10% of all traumatic injuries and  40% of cases of blunt trauma. 5th to 9th ribs are most commonly involved probably due to the protection offered by shoulder girdle to upper ribs and mobility of lower ribs. Isolated rib fractures have relatively low […]

Filed Under: Trauma

Calcaneus Fracture – Causes, Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Anatomy of Calcaneus

Calcaneus fracture or os calcis represent 2% of all fractures seen in adults. The os calcis is the most frequently fractured tarsal bone and accounts for more than 60% of tarsal fractures. Calcaneus is the bone that forms the heel. Calcaneus fractures are most commonly seen in young men. Extra-articular fractures account for 30% of […]

Filed Under: Foot Ankle, Trauma

Fall on to Outstretched Hand or FOOSH Injuries

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

fall on outstretched hand

FOOSH is an acronym for fall onto an outstretched hand. Fall is a common cause of orthopedic injuries. Whenever one falls, it is a protective reflex to outstretch the hand. This fall on an outstretched hand can lead  different patterns of injuries A number of injuries of the upper limb occur because of fall onto […]

Filed Under: Trauma

Mangled Extremity Severity Score

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Crush injury upper limb resulting in partial amputation

The Mangled extremity severity score is used in patients with trauma to a limb, particularly lower extremity trauma. As the name suggests, it determines how badly the injured limb is. The score applied to mangled extremities such as limbs overrun by vehicles. It was developed to discriminate between salvageable and the limbs which would require […]

Filed Under: Trauma

Soft Tissue Injury in Fractures – Different Systems of Classification

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

soft tissue injuries associated with fractures

Soft tissue injuries associated with fractures vary with the severity of the injury and often affect the treatment of underlying fractures. A soft tissue injury may result in an open fracture or the fracture may remain closed along with significant soft tissue injuries. A classification of the concomitant soft tissue injury offers the best support […]

Filed Under: Trauma

Intraarticular Fractures Principles and Management

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Intraarticular fractures - fracture of tibial plateau

Intraarticular fractures are the fractures where the fracture line crosses into the surface of a joint resulting in some degree of cartilage damage. The fractures can vary from hairline fractures to displaced fractures. Intraarticular fractures ideally should be reduced anatomically and fixed securely so that early joint movement can be allowed. Where this cannot be […]

Filed Under: Trauma

Greenstick Fractures Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Greenstick Fractures and other fractures, Image credit: St Luke

Greenstick fractures are incomplete fractures of long bones and are They are commonly mid-diaphyseal, affecting the forearm and lower leg. They are distinct from torus fractures. Greenstick fractures are incomplete fractures of long bones usually seen in young children, more commonly less than 10 years of age. They are commonly mid-diaphyseal and typically affect the forearm and lower leg. […]

Filed Under: Trauma

Different Forces That Cause Fracture

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Comminuted Segmental Fracture of Humerus

Why should a fracture occur and what are types of forces that cause the fracture to occur. A fracture is a break in continuity of the bone. Bone is a very strong tissue which is composed of minerals, which provide rigidity, and collagen, which provides tensile strength. A fracture is caused by a force acting […]

Filed Under: Trauma

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Browse Articles

periosteal chondroma of femur

Chondroma – Presentation, Types, Diagnosis and Treatment

The term chondroma refers to a benign tumor of cartilage origin. The tumor contains cartilage cells that are similar to normal cartilage cells but contains vessels that differentiate it from normal cartilage. Chondromas may arise inside or outside the bone. These tumors are called enchondromas when they occur in the medullary canal of the bone. The […]

subacromial bursitis

Subacromial Bursitis Presentation and Treatment

Subacromial bursitis is inflammation of the subacromial bursa, a bursa that separates the superior surface of the supraspinatus tendon from the overlying coracoacromial ligament, acromion, coracoid (the acromial arch) and from the deep surface of the deltoid muscle. The subacromial bursa helps the movement of the supraspinatus tendon of the rotator cuff in activities such […]

Intradiscal electrothermal therapy

Intradiscal Electrothermal Therapy

Intradiscal electrothermal therapy (IDET) or intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty (IDEA) is a minimally invasive form of annuloplasty (repair of annulus fibrosus) that includes use of heat to  seal any ruptures in the disc wall and probably burn nerve endings making the area less sensitive to pain. It is a relatively new procedure. Mechanism of Action Intradiscal […]

charite disc and xray. One of the motion preservation surgeries

Motion Preservation Surgery of Spine

Motion preservation surgery in the spine refers to a group of surgeries which aim at preservation of the spine motion by replicating normal or near normal biomechanics. The fundamental to all these surgeries is the use of devices, that replicate these functions. Decompression and fusion are classic procedures of spine surgery. Motion preservation surgeries are […]

vertebral osteomyelitis image

Pyogenic Vertebral osteomyelitis Presentation and Treatment

Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis is a type of spinal infection which may result from direct trauma, the spread of infection from adjacent structures or hematogenous spread from the distant focus of infection. It can have devastating complications if untreated which could be a pathological fracture, epidural infection, and compression of the neural structures. Vertebral osteomyelitis is […]

Fresh and Healed Blisters on Leg

Complications of Plaster Cast

A plaster cast is given for the treatment of fractures and other orthopedic ailments. Though a very safe mode of treatment, complications of plaster cast may occur. The main complications of plaster cast are stiff joints, muscle wasting, and impaired circulation. Physiotherapy and good nursing can help reduce these complications and speed the final recovery. […]

crawford classification of pseudarthrosis of tibia

Congenital Pseudarthrosis of Tibia

Congenital pseudarthrosis of tibia is an uncommon disease with clinical presentations ranging from simple anterolateral tibial angulation to complete non-union with extensive bone defects. It is a rare disease, with an estimated frequency of 1/150,000 births. Pseudarthrosis means false joint.  A relationship with type 1 neurofibromatosis or von Recklinghausen’s disease is known but exact pathophysiology […]

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