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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

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Anatomy

Dorsal Digital Expansion or Extensor Expansion

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Dorsal Digital Expansion

The term dorsal digital expansion refers to the small triangular aponeurosis covering the dorsum of the proximal phalanx with its base at the metacarpophalangeal joint. The main tendon of the extensor digitorum occupies the central part of the expansion and is separated from the metacarpophalangeal joint by a bursa. [Aponeurosis is a flat sheet or […]

Filed Under: Anatomy, Hand and Upper Limb

Forearm Muscles – Anatomy and Function

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Flexor Muscles of Hand and Wrist

The forearm is the area of upper extremity between the elbow and wrist. The bony structure of the forearm is formed by two bones – radius and ulna. There are twenty forearm muscles which are arranged in two compartments – anterior and posterior. The anterior compartment contains flexor muscles and is also called the flexor […]

Filed Under: Anatomy

Anatomy of Muscles of Arm

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Biceps muscle with both heads of origin

The region between the shoulder joint and the elbow joint is called the upper arm or arm. That between elbow and wrist is called forearm. Brachium and antebrachium are anatomical terms for arm and forearm respectively but are not used that commonly. Muscles of arm can be classified as that of a flexor compartment or […]

Filed Under: Anatomy, Hand and Upper Limb

Muscles of Shoulder Region

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Muscles of Shoulder on anterior side

The human shoulder is made up of three bones Clavicle or collarbone Scapula Humerus Glenohumeral joint and acromioclavicular joints are the main joints of the shoulder region. The joints are stabilized by muscles, ligaments and tendons. The shoulder joint is a very mobile joint to allow for a wide range of actions such as lifting, pushing and […]

Filed Under: Anatomy

Anatomical Position, Planes and Locations

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

anatomical planes of body

Anatomical Position of Human Body Anatomical position is the basic premise or central tenet, the very core on which all the details of anatomy are based. Thus, to understand the anatomy of the human body, the anatomical position has always to be remembered. The anatomical position of the human body is The person standing erect […]

Filed Under: Anatomy

Muscles of Pectoral Region – Anatomy and Clinical Significance

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Muscles of pectoral region

Muscles of pectoral region or pectoral muscles are the muscles that connect the front of the chest to the bones of shoulder and arm. The pectoral region refers to the anterior chest wall. They are commonly called as pecs. These muscles also provide shape to the chest and pectoral exercises are quite famous among bodybuilders. […]

Filed Under: Anatomy

Ulnar Nerve Anatomy, Course and Supply

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Ulnar nerve Course

The ulnar nerve, an extension of the medial cord of the brachial plexus, is a mixed nerve (both motor and sensory) that supplies hand muscles and medial aspect of the skin of the hand. The ulnar nerve and median nerve are responsible for the supply of flexor muscles and skin of the hand. These nerves […]

Filed Under: Anatomy

Phalanx of Hand – Anatomy and Function

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

parts of phlanges

Phalanx [plural phalanges] is a tubular bone present in hand and foot and form digits [fingers and toes]. In this article, we discuss the phalanges of the hand. There are five digits in each hand – four finger and one thumb. All fingers have three phalanges distal, middle and proximal. Thumb has only proximal and […]

Filed Under: Anatomy

Flexor Retinaculum of Hand and Foot

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Palmar Aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum

Flexor retinaculum of hand is a fibrous band that is present in the flexor aspect of wrist and flexor aspect of the ankle. Flexor retinaculum of the hand is also called transverse carpal ligament or anterior annular ligament. It is a strong, fibrous band, that arches over the wrist region and converts the deep groove […]

Filed Under: Anatomy

Osteon or Haversian System and Its Significance

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

electron microscopy structure of osteon

The osteon is the basic building block and fundamental functional unit of compact bone. It is also called a Haversian system, named after Clopton Havers, an English physician who worked extensively on the microstructure of the bone. Structurally, osteons are roughly cylindrical structures which are several millimeters long and around 0.2 mm in diameter. Structure […]

Filed Under: Anatomy

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Phosphorus Metabolism

Phosphorus Metabolism

Phosphorus in body is present in organic and inorganic forms of phosphorus. Apart from ionic form, phosphorus participates in activities in form of phosphate salts. Phosphorus is present as phosphate, and these two terms are commonly used interchangeably. Phosphorus metabolism regulates serum phosphate levels. Like calcium, the regulation of phosphate balance is by intestinal absorption, […]

Dysplasia Spondyloepophysealis Congenita

Dysplasia Spondyloepophysealis Congenita

Dysplasia spondyloepophysealis congenita is characterized by a short-trunk type of dwarfism with the involvement of the spine and limb epiphyses, particularly the proximal ones. The radiological changes can be identified at birth, though the child may not always be diagnosed clinically at birth. Clinical Features of Dysplasia Spondyloepophysealis Congenita Dwarfism is present both in the […]

Parsonage Turner Syndrome

Parsonage Turner Syndrome

Parsonage Turner syndrome or brachial neuritis is a rare disorder which affects lower motor neurons of brachial plexus and/or nerves and their branches and is manifested by acute shoulder pain followed by weakness of the muscles of the shoulder. It is capable of leaving residual disability in 10-20% patients. It also is known as neuralgic […]

Terry Thomas

Terry Thomas Sign and Its Significance

Terry Thomas sign is an important sign on wrist x-rays that indicate a type of wrist injury. It refers to an increase in the scapholunate space on an AP radiograph of the wrist or coronal CT scan. The increased distance indicates scapholunate dissociation and often can be associated with rotary subluxation of the scaphoid. The […]

orthopedics complications of trauma

Orthopedic Complications of Trauma

Trauma is a major health disrupter and responsible for the morbidity of a large number of people in addition to being a leading killer. Trauma can injure any organ but in this article, we would concentrate on musculoskeletal parts only. From the this point of view, the major orthopedic complications of trauma are Acute respiratory […]

pulled elbow

Pulled Elbow or Subluxation of Radial Head in Children

Pulled elbow is the term for subluxation of the radial head that affects children younger than 6 years, typically occurring due to a quick pull on a child’s arm. It is also called nursemaid elbow or babysitter’s elbow. It is an easily treatable condition. The left arm is more commonly involved, presumably because most caretakers […]

Methylene blue injection in elbow

Intrarticular Methylene Blue Injection Procedure

Methylene blue injection is an easy and safe way to rule out or confirm breakage of the joint capsule when there is an injury near or around the joint,  thus establishing or ruling out the presence of open joint injury. Open joint injuries consist of are skin and soft-tissue injuries which communicate with the joint. It […]

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