The dorsal scapular nerve entrapment is a relatively less common nerve entrapment that causes shoulder and arm pain. It is vulnerable during brachial plexus injections as the nerve passes through the middle scalene muscle. Dorsal scapular nerve entrapment is uncommon and therefore frequently underrecognized cause of pain in shoulder and neck area. The symptoms are […]
Anatomy
Spinal Accessory Nerve Anatomy and Significance
The spinal accessory nerve [ also called accessory nerve] is eleventh cranial nerve (CN XI) [see the controversy below] and is composed of two parts, the cranial part, and the spinal part. It has a purely somatic motor function, innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. The sternocleidomastoid is a neck muscle that tilts and rotates […]
Long Thoracic Nerve Anatomy and Significance
The long thoracic nerve is a pure motor nerve that arises from anterior or ventral roots of C5, C6, and C7 and supplies serratus anterior muscle. Serratus anterior muscle is responsible for stabilization and protraction movement of the scapula. It is also called posterior thoracic nerve and the external respiratory nerve of Bell, after Sir Charles Bell who provided its first […]
Normal Scapulohumeral Rhythm and Its Significance
Scapulohumeral rhythm is the interplay between the scapula and the humerus during motion of the shoulder. There is a definitive pattern of interaction of scapula and humerus when contributing to the motion of the shoulder. Scapulohumeral rhythm is also called glenohumeral rhythm. Optimal function of the shoulder is reliant on the coordinated movement of the […]
Lumbosacral Plexus or Lumbar and Sacral Plexus
Lumbosacral plexus is formed anterior or ventral rami of L1–S3 roots. All major nerves of the lower extremity are derived from lumbosacral plexus. Though functionally considered as one entity, the lumbosacral plexus is usually thought of anatomically as an upper lumbar plexus and a sacral plexus also called lower lumbosacral plexus [also receives lumbar contribution]. […]
Pudendal Nerve Anatomy and Function
The pudendal nerve is a major somatic nerve of the sacral plexus originating from S2-S4 nerve roots, innervates the external genitalia of both sexes and the skin around the anus, anal canal and perineum and supplying pelvic muscles, the external urethral sphincter and the external anal sphincter. It also carried carries sympathetic nerve fibers to […]
Thoracolumbar Junction and TLTV
Thoracolumbar junction is the junction between the Thoracic spine and the Lumbar spine. The junction consists of the part of the vertebral column from the eleventh thoracic vertebra to the first lumbar vertebra. Here the spinal curvature changes from kyphosis to lordosis, and the orientation of the facet joints changes from coronal to sagittal. 12th […]
Transitional Vertebra Definition and Types
Transitional vertebra at any junction is characterized by features retained from two adjacent regions in the vertebral column. For example in the lumbosacral transitional vertebra, there is an L5 vertebra can become like S1 vertebra or S1 can leave the sacrum and become L6. As we know from our knowledge of the anatomy of the […]
Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebra or LSTV
Lumbosacral transitional vertebra refers to a spectrum of are congenital spinal anomalies involving L5 and adjacent vertebrae and varies from complete fusion of L5 with the sacrum, called sacralization to complete separation of S1 from the sacrum and present as L6, called lumbarization. When the L5 vertebra fuses completely to the sacrum, 4 lumbar vertebrae […]
Scaphoid Bone Anatomy
The scaphoid bone is one of the carpal bones of the wrist on the lateral side of the wrist. Carpal bones are arranged in two rows and scaphoid is most lateral of the proximal row. The carpus is made up of 8 carpal bones, which are arranged in two rows. Proximal row It contains (from […]