• Skip to main content
  • Skip to primary sidebar
  • Skip to footer
  • General Ortho
  • Procedures
  • Spine
  • Upper Limb
  • Lower Limb
  • Pain
  • Trauma
  • Tumors
  • Newsletter/Updates
  • About Us
  • Contact Us

Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

In this article
    • Causes of Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
    • Presentation
    • Diagnosis
      • Lab Studies
      • Xrays
      • Other Studies
    • Treatment of tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
      • Drug Therapy
    • References

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is state of hyperparathyroidism characterized by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone after long-standing secondary hyperparathyroidism, even after the correction of the cause of hyperparathyroidism.

The term is also used in patients who have undergone kidney transplants but their parathyroid function does not return to normal. The cause is the same. The parathyroid glands have functioned abnormally for so long while patients had kidney failure and were on dialysis that they never return to normal.

 

Causes of Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is most commonly observed in patients with long-standing chronic kidney disease and often after renal transplantation.

The stimulatory effect of hyperphosphatemia [increased phosphate levels have a direct stimulatory effect on the parathyroid gland cells] results in nodular hyperplasia and increased parathyroid hormone secretion.

With worsening of chronic kidney disease, the size of the parathyroid glands progressively increases leading to high parathyroid levels.

After a renal transplant, these levels remain high in spite of calcium being normal.

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism occurs most commonly in cases where patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism continue to have elevated parathyroid levels after receiving a renal transplant.

This disease is observed in up to 30% of kidney transplant recipients.

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism can also develop after any long-standing gastrointestinal malabsorption causing prolonged hypocalcemia which leads to parathyroid hyperplasia.

After correction of the primary disorder, the hypertrophied parathyroid tissue fails to resolve and secretion of parathyroid hormone is continued.

Consequently, serum calcium levels are normal or even elevated in these patients because the hyperplastic glands function autonomously despite the withdrawal of calcium and calcitriol therapy. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is classically caused by hyperplasia of all four glands, though some reports indicate that over 20% of patients may have single or double adenomas as the underlying pathology.

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is differentiated from primary by the presence of long-standing condition such as malabsorption or renal failure.

Prolonged hyperphosphatemia, calcitriol deficiency, and hypocalcemia are often the causes of persistent stimulation in kidney disease.

Presentation

The patient would have a history of secondary hyperparathyroidism and long-standing kidney disease requiring dialysis or some kind of malabsorption syndrome.

It is important to exclude uncorrected primary hyperparathyroidism , drug intake that causes hypercalcemia like calcitriol [commonly prescribed in renal diseases] and lithium.

Symptoms and signs of tertiary hyperparathyroidism are due to high levels of parathyroid or hypercalcemia and are similar to primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. These include bone pain, decreased bone mineral density, fractures, pruritus, renal stones, peptic ulcer disease, pancreatitis, soft tissue or vascular calcifications and muscle weakness. Psychiatric disorders can be present.

For details on the spectrum of symptoms due to hyperparathyroidism read Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of tertiary hyperparathyroidism combines both clinical and laboratory investigations. These patients would have normal or elevated serum calcium concentrations and moderately elevated intact parathyroid levels.

Lab Studies

  • Parathyroid hormone levels – raised
  • Vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) levels – decreased or normal
  • Calcium levels – Raised
  • Phosphate levels – raised

Xrays

Not required for diagnosis but to note skeletal changes of hyperparathyroidism.

For details on skeletal changes in hyperparathyroidism, read primary hyperparathyroidism.

Other Studies

In patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and single adenomas, localizing studies like Tc-sestimibi scintigraphy, ultrasound, or MRI are advantageous but these studies do not carry any benefit in tertiary hyperparathyroidism [secondary too] because the standard treatment is bilateral neck exploration is for all patients with tertiary hyperparathyroidism.

Treatment of tertiary Hyperparathyroidism

The main indication for treatment is persistent hypercalcemia and/or an increased PTH, and the primary treatment is surgery. The purpose of surgical treatment is to reduce the parathyroid mass and cell number and, thus, normalize the serum calcium concentration.

Surgical options are subtotal or total parathyroidectomy with or without autotransplantation.

Surgical management is safe and effective at correcting bone mineralization and metabolic disturbances. It results in improved neuropsychiatric symptoms, survival, and quality of life.

Indications for Parathyroidectomy in Patients with Tertiary hyperparathyroidism are

  • Severe hypercalcemia (serum calcium > 11.5 or 12 mg/dL)
  • Persistent hypercalcemia (serum calcium > 10.2 mg/dL
  • more than three months to one year after surgery)
  • Severe Osteopenia (low bone mineral density)
  • Symptomatic hyperparathyroidism
  • Fatigue
  • Pruritis
  • Bone pain or pathologic bone fracture
  • Peptic ulcer disease
  • Mental status changes
  • History of renal calculi

Drug Therapy

In patients with tertiary hyperparathyroidism, medical treatment does not help and is not indicated.

In patients where surgery cannot be done, another potential treatment option is calcimimetics, such as cinacalcet which inhibit parathyroid secretion.

Calcimimetics are still in trial phase.

References

 

  1. Yang RL, Kelz RR, Doyle A. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism: choosing an appropriate treatment-an enigma. Transplantation. 2012 Dec 15;94(11):e64-5.
  2. Gioviale MC, Bellavia M, Damiano G, Lo Monte AI. Post-transplantation tertiary hyperparathyroidism . Ann Transplant. 2012 Jul-Sep;17(3):111-9.
  3. Ramakant P, Agarwal G. Surgical treatment of tertiary hyperparathyroidism: the choice of procedure matters: surgical management of tertiary hyperparathyroidism: an enigma. World J Surg. 2008 Aug;32(8):1894; author reply 1895-6.

 

Spread the Knowledge
  • 7
    Shares
  •  
    7
    Shares
  • 1
  • 6
  •  
  •  
  •  

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

About Dr Arun Pal Singh

Arun Pal Singh is an orthopedic and trauma surgeon, founder and chief editor of this website. He works in Kanwar Bone and Spine Clinic, Dasuya, Hoshiarpur, Punjab.

This website is an effort to educate and support people and medical personnel on orthopedic issues and musculoskeletal health.

You can follow him on Facebook, Linkedin and Twitter

Reader Interactions

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.

Primary Sidebar

Xray of Dislocation of Patella

Recurrent Dislocation of Patella

Recurrent dislocation of the patella is not a common entity. It may be congenital, developmental, or post-traumatic. In contrast, recurrent subluxation of the patella is quite common. It is more common in females. Causes of  Recurrent Dislocation of Patella Ligaments Laxity In children with diseases that cause ligamentous laxity (e.g. osteogenesis imperfecta, arachnodactyly, or the […]

bone spur

Bone Spur or Osteophyte- Causes and Treatment

A bone spur is a bony growth formed on a normal bone. In medical language, it is termed as an osteophyte. A bone spur is an extra bone and can cause symptoms due to pressure on adjacent tissues. Bone spurs are also called osteochondral nodules, osteochondrophytes, and chondro-osteophytes. Osteophyte is part of degenerative changes that […]

anterior interosseous nerve syndrome

Anterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome

Anterior interosseous nerve syndrome or Kiloh-Nevin syndrome is neuropathy of the anterior interosseous nerve, a motor branch of the median nerve, that results in pain in the forearm and a characteristic weakness of the thumb and index finger. Though most of the cases of anterior interosseous nerve syndrome are due to a transient neuritis, similar […]

Lab Study Profiles of Different Types of Rickets

Hypophosphatemic Rickets

Hypophosphatemic rickets is a hereditary form of rickets characterized by low serum phosphate levels and resistance to treatment with ultraviolet radiation or vitamin D ingestion. This disorder was initially called vitamin D resistant rickets, is now called hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets because the primary problem is phosphate wasting rather than true vitamin D resistance. [Read in […]

Watson jones approach of hip

Surgical Approaches to Hip and Proximal Femur

For surgery, the hip can be approached by many surgical approaches. The choice of particular approach is based on the procedure and need for exposure of a particular part, associated shaft or acetabular fixation and the preference of the surgeon. There are numerous approaches and some are modifications of original approaches. Most of the approaches […]

congenital anomalies of shoulder

Congenital Anomalies of Shoulder

Congenital anomalies of shoulder are a group of disorders of the shoulder that affect shoulder anatomy and function. Following congenital anomalies of shoulder are discussed in this article- Congenital dislocation of shoulder Congenital Glenoid Hypoplasia Aplasia of Scapula Torsional Deformity of Glenoid Cavity Congenital Varus Deformity of Proximal Humerus Torsional Deformity of Humeral Neck Different […]

poland syndrome image

Poland Syndrome – Presentation and Treatment

Poland Syndrome is a congenital condition characterized by the absence of chest wall muscles on one side of the body and short, webbed fingers of the limb of the same side. The Poland syndrome is also known as Poland Anomaly, Poland Sequence, and Poland Syndactyly. Relevant Anatomy The pectoralis major is a large muscle of […]

Browse Articles

Footer

Pages

  • About
    • Policies
    • Contact Us

Featured Article

Polydactyly or Supernumerary Digit – Presentation and Treatment

Polydactyly or supernumerary digit refers to the presence of means extra digits in the hand or foot. It is also called hyperdactyly.It is the most … [Read More...] about Polydactyly or Supernumerary Digit – Presentation and Treatment

Search Articles

© Copyright: BoneAndSpine.com