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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

Metabolic DIsorders Affecting Bone

Hemarthrosis Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Hemarthrosis causes and types

Hemarthrosis is a medical term for bleeding into the joint cavity. It literally means blood in the joint. Acute hemarthrosis can occur with trauma or as a complication of blood disorders such as hemophilia. The most common joints affected are the knees, ankles, and elbows but other joints can be affected as well. With management, a joint […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Ollier Disease – Causes, Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Enchondromatosis or ollier disease upper limb

Ollier’s disease is a rare, nonhereditary skeletal disorder characterized by a multifocal intramedullary proliferation of hypercellular dysplastic cartilage. It is a type of enchondromatosis. Maffucci’s syndrome is another type of enchondromatosis where the skeletal lesions are accompanied by hemangiomas of skin, soft tissu, and viscera. Enchondromatosis represents a distinct developmental disorder of enchondral ossification and […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Rheumatoid Arthritis – Diagnosis and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

bilateral wrist xrays

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease of unknown cause triggered by an autoimmune reaction leading to synovial membrane hypertrophy and chronic joint inflammation often with extra-articular manifestations. The trigger for the reaction could be external and is thought to occur in genetically susceptible individuals. Wrist and joints are most commonly involved and the […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Compartment Syndrome Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Pathophysiology of compartment Syndrome

Compartment syndrome is a condition in which there is an increased pressure within a limited space which compromises tissue circulation and function. Compartment syndromes can be acute, chronic. Acute compartment syndromes generally occur following a trauma and results in significant elevation of intracompartmental pressures. For example fracture of proximal tibia are frequently associated with compartment […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

arthrogryposis image from wiki public domain

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita is a congenital deformity affecting the extremities, characterized by marked muscular wasting the loss of mass, increased fibrous tissue around the joints, and therefore disturbance of mobility and various characteristic deformities. Bone changes are usually secondary to the overlying soft tissue changes, as well as to the changes which have taken place […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Hypophosphatasia Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

hypophsphatasia image

Hypophosphatasia is an inherited disorder of defect in alkaline phosphatase coding gene that affects the development of bones and teeth because mineralization is disrupted.   It was described initially by Rathbun in 1948. Hypophosphatasia has got varied presentation. The symptoms can appear anywhere from before birth to adulthood Severe forms of hypophosphatasia affect an estimated […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Hypophosphatemic Rickets

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Lab Study Profiles of Different Types of Rickets

Hypophosphatemic rickets is a hereditary form of rickets characterized by low serum phosphate levels and resistance to treatment with ultraviolet radiation or vitamin D ingestion. This disorder was initially called vitamin D resistant rickets, is now called hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets because the primary problem is phosphate wasting rather than true vitamin D resistance. [Read in […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Renal Rickets

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Approach to renal rickets

Renal rickets is the term used for rickets where the primary cause is not vitamin D deficiency but a renal disease leading to events that cause rickets or osteomalacia. [More about rickets] [More on Osteomalacia] Renal rickets is known by various names. Renal dwarfism, renal pseudorickets, and renal osteitis fibrosa cystica are forms of renal-caused […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Rickets Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

clinical features of rickets

Rickets is a condition where there is a defect in mineralization of the osteoid matrix caused by inadequate calcium and phosphate. If the defect occurs before the closure of the physis, it is known as rickets. The same defect when occurs after physeal closure is called osteomalacia Rickets or rachitis is a disease of infancy and […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

tertiary hyperparathyroidism image

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is state of hyperparathyroidism characterized by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone after long-standing secondary hyperparathyroidism, even after the correction of the cause of hyperparathyroidism. The term is also used in patients who have undergone kidney transplants but their parathyroid function does not return to normal. The cause is the same. The parathyroid glands […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

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End to end repair in chronic ankle instability

Chronic Ankle Instability Causes and Treatment

Chronic ankle instability has is seen in about 20% of people who suffer from acute ankle sprains. It often causes recurrent sprains. About 80% of acute ankle sprains reach full recovery with initial non-operative management, rest develop chronic symptoms resulting in chronic ankle instability. [Please go through Acute ankle sprains to get a better perspective […]

Pseudogout - chondrocalcinosis

Pseudogout and Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease

Overview of Terms The term pseudogout, calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease are considered as synonyms. Though used synonymously these terms denote different meanings should be understood before we discuss the disease further. Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease is a disease due to deposition of calcium pyrophosphate crystals in the body. It can manifest […]

A Typical Chance Fracture

Chance Fracture of Spine

Chance fracture is a flexion-distraction injury that involves only the osseous structures from posterior to anterior through the spinous process, pedicles, and vertebral body, respectively because the bony elements fail,  and ligamentous components remaining intact. In adults, the Chance fracture most commonly is found in the upper lumbar spine, but it may be observed in […]

Different locations of metastasis and their symptoms

Bone Metastasis or Metastatic Bone Disease

Bone metastasis or metastatic bone disease is said to occur when cancer cells from other parts of body spread to the bone. After lung and liver, bone is considered to be the third most common organ involved by metastases. In breast cancer, the bone is the second most common site for metastases. Metastases in the […]

SCIWORA

SCIWORA Syndrome

SCIWORA syndrome stands for spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality. Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality or SCIWORA is an injury in the cervical [most common] or thoracic spine, in the absence of identifiable bony or ligamentous injury on radiographs or computed tomography. That means there is an injury to the cervical spine, but the […]

shoulder hand syndrome

Shoulder Hand Syndrome

Complex regional pain syndrome of upper limbs after stroke is frequently called shoulder-hand syndrome (SHS). Complex regional pain syndrome is neuropathic pain disorders that develop as an exaggerated response to a traumatic lesion or nerve damage or as the consequence of a distant process such as a stroke, spinal lesion or myocardial infarction. However, sometimes […]

Anatomy of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome – Presentation and Treatment

Thoracic outlet syndrome is a group of disorders involving compression of neurovascular bundle passing between the anterior scalene and middle scalene muscles as they pass between the chest and upper extremity.  The structures that could be affected are the brachial plexus, the subclavian artery, and, rarely, the subclavian vein. Note: Subclavian vein, normally, does not […]

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Pilon Fractures of Tibia – Presentation and Treatment

Pilon fractures or plafond fracture are fractures of the distal part of tibia involving its articular surface at the ankle joint.  Pilon is a French … [Read More...] about Pilon Fractures of Tibia – Presentation and Treatment

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