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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

Metabolic DIsorders Affecting Bone

Hemarthrosis Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Hemarthrosis causes and types

Hemarthrosis is a medical term for bleeding into the joint cavity. It literally means blood in the joint. Acute hemarthrosis can occur with trauma or as a complication of blood disorders such as hemophilia. The most common joints affected are the knees, ankles, and elbows but other joints can be affected as well. With management, a joint […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Ollier Disease – Causes, Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Enchondromatosis or ollier disease upper limb

Ollier’s disease is a rare, nonhereditary skeletal disorder characterized by a multifocal intramedullary proliferation of hypercellular dysplastic cartilage. It is a type of enchondromatosis. Maffucci’s syndrome is another type of enchondromatosis where the skeletal lesions are accompanied by hemangiomas of skin, soft tissu, and viscera. Enchondromatosis represents a distinct developmental disorder of enchondral ossification and […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Rheumatoid Arthritis – Diagnosis and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

bilateral wrist xrays

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease of unknown cause triggered by an autoimmune reaction leading to synovial membrane hypertrophy and chronic joint inflammation often with extra-articular manifestations. The trigger for the reaction could be external and is thought to occur in genetically susceptible individuals. Wrist and joints are most commonly involved and the […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Compartment Syndrome Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Pathophysiology of compartment Syndrome

Compartment syndrome is a condition in which there is an increased pressure within a limited space which compromises tissue circulation and function. Compartment syndromes can be acute, chronic. Acute compartment syndromes generally occur following a trauma and results in significant elevation of intracompartmental pressures. For example fracture of proximal tibia are frequently associated with compartment […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

arthrogryposis image from wiki public domain

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita is a congenital deformity affecting the extremities, characterized by marked muscular wasting the loss of mass, increased fibrous tissue around the joints, and therefore disturbance of mobility and various characteristic deformities. Bone changes are usually secondary to the overlying soft tissue changes, as well as to the changes which have taken place […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Hypophosphatasia Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

hypophsphatasia image

Hypophosphatasia is an inherited disorder of defect in alkaline phosphatase coding gene that affects the development of bones and teeth because mineralization is disrupted.   It was described initially by Rathbun in 1948. Hypophosphatasia has got varied presentation. The symptoms can appear anywhere from before birth to adulthood Severe forms of hypophosphatasia affect an estimated […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Hypophosphatemic Rickets

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Lab Study Profiles of Different Types of Rickets

Hypophosphatemic rickets is a hereditary form of rickets characterized by low serum phosphate levels and resistance to treatment with ultraviolet radiation or vitamin D ingestion. This disorder was initially called vitamin D resistant rickets, is now called hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets because the primary problem is phosphate wasting rather than true vitamin D resistance. [Read in […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Renal Rickets

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Approach to renal rickets

Renal rickets is the term used for rickets where the primary cause is not vitamin D deficiency but a renal disease leading to events that cause rickets or osteomalacia. [More about rickets] [More on Osteomalacia] Renal rickets is known by various names. Renal dwarfism, renal pseudorickets, and renal osteitis fibrosa cystica are forms of renal-caused […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Rickets Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

clinical features of rickets

Rickets is a condition where there is a defect in mineralization of the osteoid matrix caused by inadequate calcium and phosphate. If the defect occurs before the closure of the physis, it is known as rickets. The same defect when occurs after physeal closure is called osteomalacia Rickets or rachitis is a disease of infancy and […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

tertiary hyperparathyroidism image

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is state of hyperparathyroidism characterized by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone after long-standing secondary hyperparathyroidism, even after the correction of the cause of hyperparathyroidism. The term is also used in patients who have undergone kidney transplants but their parathyroid function does not return to normal. The cause is the same. The parathyroid glands […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

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Congenital Pseudoarthrosis of clavicle

Congenital Pseudoarthrosis Of Clavicle

Congenital pseudoarthrosis of clavicle is the congenital failure of the fusion of the medial and lateral ossification centers of the clavicle. It is a rare anomaly and was first described by Saint-Pierre reported congenital failure of clavicle formation. The condition leads to a painless mass over the clavicle. The pseudoarthrosis is usually seen on the […]

Xray of Charcot Joint of Foot

Charcot Joint Disease

Charcot joint or Charcot arthropathy is the name given to neuropathic joint disease is a condition that causes progressive destruction of bone and soft tissues of joints especially weight-bearing joints and may also cause disruption of the bony architecture. Charcot joint disease can occur at any joint but most commonly in the lower extremity, at […]

Anatomy of Distal radius

Anatomy of Distal Radius

The anatomy of distal radius is unique. The articular surface of distal radius is biconcave, triangular, and covered with hyaline cartilage. A smooth anteroposterior ridge divides the articular surface into two facets: a triangular lateral facet, which articulates with the scaphoid, and a quadrilateral medial facet, which articulates with the lunate. The medial surface of […]

Swimmer's View - Both Arms Up Xray

What is Swimmer’s View Xray?

The swimmer’s view is an x-ray of the cervicothoracic junction that helps demonstrate the upper thoracic and the seventh cervical vertebrae. The swimmer’s view is an important view for evaluating the relationship of the cervicothoracic junction and upper thoracic vertebrae C7 through T3. Swimmer’s view x-ray is a difficult x-ray. Its positioning is difficult and […]

vertebral osteomyelitis image

Pyogenic Vertebral osteomyelitis Presentation and Treatment

Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis is a type of spinal infection which may result from direct trauma, the spread of infection from adjacent structures or hematogenous spread from the distant focus of infection. It can have devastating complications if untreated which could be a pathological fracture, epidural infection, and compression of the neural structures. Vertebral osteomyelitis is […]

tendinopathy tendonitis tendinosis

Tendinopathy or Tendinosis or Tendonitis – Symptoms and Treatment

Tendinopathy refers to conditions affecting the tendons which cause pain, swelling, or decreased function. It may include tendonitis or tendinosis. Chronic tendinopathy can lead to weakening of the tendon and subsequent rupture. Middle-aged adults are most susceptible to the development of tendinopathy. Tendons transmit mechanical loads and it is thought to be a major causative […]

Patellar Tendonitis

Patellar Tendinosis Symptoms and Treatment

Patellar tendinosis refers to anterior knee pain due to tendinosis resulting from repeated loading of the knee extensors. It is also called Jumper’s knee. Patellar tendinosis is found in sportsperson who play sports that involve jumping and heavy landing, rapid acceleration or deceleration and kicking, such as basketball, volleyball, soccer, tennis, long jump, and high […]

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Overpronation of Foot

Overpronation is the excessive pronation of the foot. Pronation movement is part of the normal gait cycle.Pronation occurs as weight is … [Read More...] about Overpronation of Foot

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