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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

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Metabolic DIsorders Affecting Bone

Myasthenia Gravis Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

myasthenia gravis

The term myasthenia gravis has a Latin and Greek origin. It  literally means “grave muscle weakness.” Myasthenia Gravis is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease that results in by varying degrees of weakness of the skeletal  muscles of the body. This weakness increases during periods of activity and improves after periods of rest. Certain muscles such […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Erythromelalgia Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

erythromelalgia images

Erythromelalgia is a rare neurovascular peripheral disorder characterized by burning pain, warmth, and redness of the extremities. The condition gets its names derived from three Greek words: erythros (red)+ melos (limb)+ algos (pain). Erythromelalgia was described in 1872 by Silas Weir Mitchell. Gerhardt described the same disease in Germany. The disease was known by Mitchell […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Cervical Spine Instability

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

xray of cervical spine in flexion position

Cervical spine instability is defined as the loss of ability of cervical spine under physiological loads to maintain relationships between vertebrae in such a way, that spinal cord or nerve roots are not damaged or irritated and deformity or pain does not develop. While most of the definition is explanatory, the key term to remember […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Chondrocalcinosis Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Pseudogout - chondrocalcinosis

Chondrocalcinosis means streaking of soft tissues with calcium. It is also used as a synonym for calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease because the finding of chondrocalcinosis has been mostly associated with calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, a disease that is caused by deposition of calcium pyrophosphate crystals. Pesudogout is another name used for pyrophosphate deposition disease but […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Neurogenic Shock Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

neurogenic shock illustration

Neurogenic shock is a shock caused by autonomic dysregulation, mostly caused by spinal injuries resulting in loss of sympathetic tone and leading to low blood pressure, low heart rate and peripheral vasodilatation.

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Osteochondritis Dissecans – Symptoms & Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Osteochondritis Dissecans Knee

Osteochondritis dissecans is a condition in which a small segment of articular cartilage with its underlying subchondral bone gradually separates from the surrounding osteocartilaginous tissue due to a lack of blood supply. Osteochondritis dissecans develops in joints of children and adolescents. The separation of the fragment may be partial or complete. The osteochondral segment may […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Hemophilic Arthropathy Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Hemophilic arthropathy

Hemophilic arthropathy refers to the changes in joints caused by recurrent bleeding into joint due to a bleeding disorder called hemophilia. Hemophilia is a genetic disorder characterized by abnormality of the coagulation mechanism due to functional deficiency of a specific blood factor, namely VIII or IX. The estimated incidence is between 0.8-1 per 10,000 male […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Psoriatic Arthritis Presentation & Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Pencil Cup Deformity in Psoriatic Arthritis

Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic inflammatory, seronegative arthritis that develops in about 5% of the people who have psoriasis. Psoriasis is an autoimmune disorder that mainly affects skin leading to a characteristic rash. About half of the patients of psoriatic arthritis have often human leukocyte antigen HLA B27 associated spondyloarthropathy. Psoriatic arthritis is considered as […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

Calcium Hydroxyapatite Deposition Disease [Calcific Tendinitis]

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Calcific Tendinitis caused By Hydroxyapatite deposition disease, Image Wikipedia GNU License

Calcium hydroxyapatite deposition disease is a condition where there is a deposition of calcium phosphate crystals, mainly hydroxyapatite in the soft tissues around the joint. The depositions occur, especially in tendons. The condition is commonly known as calcific tendinitis and seen when the deposition involves supraspinatus tendon. But the deposits also occur in structures other […]

Filed Under: Systemic Diseases

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Plantar Fascia Anatomy

Plantar Fasciitis – Causes and Treatment

Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of heel pain and occurs due to degenerative changes at the insertion of the plantar fascia on calcaneal tuberosity. The plantar fascia is the most common cause of heel pain for which professional help is sought. A heel spur is commonly found in plantar fasciitis patients, but many asymptomatic […]

Slipped Cpper Femoral Epiphysis

Slipped Femoral Capital Epiphysis

Slipped femoral capital epiphysis is the disorder of the proximal femoral physis that leads to slippage of the epiphysis relative to the femoral neck. It is one of commonest hip abnormalities in adolescence. It affects both the hips in about 20% of cases. The incidence for slipped capital femoral epiphysis is about 10 cases per […]

Degrees of Freedom Hand

Degrees of Freedom of Upper Limb

A degree of freedom is a plane of movement. The concept of degrees of freedom is central to kinematics. Consider a ship moving. It is moving in three dimensions. First, up and down in a vertical plane Second, left and right in a horizontal plane; Third backward and forward, also in a horizontal plane. Each […]

complex-regional pain syndrome lower limb

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome or CRPS

Complex regional pain syndrome or CRPS is a chronic painful condition causing intense pain, usually in the arms, hands, legs, or feet. The cause of condition is poorly understood and there is no cure. The management involves control of symptoms by various modalities. The condition It may happen after an injury to a nerve or […]

type 3 scapular dyskinesis

Scapular Dyskinesis – Causes, Tests and Treatment

Scapular dyskinesis is a term that denotes loss of control of normal scapular motion, physiology or mechanics. It is also called sometimes as scapular dyskinesia but dyskinesis is said to be a better term as dyskinesia is applied to abnormal active movements mediated by neurological factors e.g. tardive dyskinesia. Dyskinesis is a finding in the examination […]

DEXA scan in use

DEXA Scan or Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry

DEXA [Now abbreviated as DXA] or dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry is a technique used to measure bone density. Dexa scan involves passing two X-ray beams with different energy levels are aimed at the patient’s bones, and bone mineral density is determined from absorption of each bone after soft tissue absorption is subtracted out. The test is […]

Shanz proximal femoral osteotomy

Proximal femoral Osteotomy

Proximal femoral osteotomy is a joint-sparing procedure that relies on maintaining the biologic integrity of the femoral head. Once common for hip dysplasia and arthritis of the hip, proximal femoral osteotomies are performed less commonly now. But they are still used in the treatment of hip fracture nonunions and malunions and in cases of congenital […]

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