Flexor Tendon Pulley System of Hand

Flexor tendon pulley system consists of annular ligaments of the fingers or  A pulleys, and cruciate pulleys [C pulleys].

Flexor pulley system consists of following

• Palmar Aponeurosis Pulley
• 5 Annular Pulleys
• 3 Cruciform Culleys.

Together, these form a fibro-osseous tunnel on the palmar aspect of the hand through which passes the deep and superficial flexor tendons.

Flexor tendon pulley system maintains flexor tendons close to joint’s axis of motion and prevent bowstringing.

Digital flexor sheath is a synovial sheath which consists of membranous and retinacular parts.

Membranous part is composed of visceral and parietal layers. It carries the flexor digitorum profundus  and flexor digitorum superficialis  tendons in the distal aspect of the hand.

The flexor pulley system is formed of retinacular component which condensate and are arranged in  cruciform, annular pulleys and  transverse patterns. These structures overlie the membranous, or synovial, lining.

Digital sheath serves following functions

• Facilitates smooth gliding of the tendons
• Pulleys from retinacular component provide a mechanical advantage to flexion
• Synovial fluid bathes and provides nutrition.

Components Flexor Tendon Pulley System

Palmar Aponeurosis Pulley

It is formed of of transverse fascicular bands  approximately 1 cm in width arising from the palmar aponeurosis.

The proximal edge of the pulley is 1-3 mm proximal to the origin of the membranous tendon sheath and the distal edge is  approximately 8-10 mm from the proximal edge of the first annular pulley.

A vertical septa anchors this pulley to the deep transverse metacarpal ligament beneath the tendons. This pulley moves closer to tendon surface during grasping due to increased tension on the palmar fascia by the flexor carpi ulnaris and palmaris longus muscles.

Annular Pulleys

A1 Pulley

A1 pulley is first annular pulley which arises from the palmar plate and proximal portion of the proximal phalanx. It is at the level of metacarpophalangeal joints and is approximately 8 mm in width.

Proximal edge of the 1st annular pulley lies about 2 cm from the proximal finger crease and distal edge of A1 pulley lies about 1 cm from the proximal finger crease.

At the level of the A1 pulley, the flexor digitorum superficialis bifurcates and allows flexor digitorum profundus to pass superficial..

This pulley is frequently involved in trigger finger.

A2 Pulley

The second annular pulley originates from periosteum of  the proximal and lateral areas of the proximal phalanx, and is approximately 20 mm in width. This pulley consists of oblique fibers and is of all of the flexor tendon sheaths, this is probably the most important.

A3 Pulley

This is the third annular pulley and is  located at the level of the proximal interphalangeal joint. It is arises from the volar palmar plate and is approximately 3 mm in width.

A4 Pulley

A4 pulley arises from periosteum of mid-portion of middle phalanx .It is similar to A4 pulley that oblique fibers overly annular fibers. This pulley is also to be preservd during surgrey.

It is about 7 mm in width. It is considered second most important flexor tendon sheath pulley (after the A2) and the most important biomechanical pulley for maintaining independent interphalangeal joint function.

 A5 Pulley

This pulley is located proximal to distal interphalangeal joint,, just proximal to the termination of the membranous sheath. With width of 4 mm, the A5 pulley is the thinnest of the 5 annular pulleys and has a width of 4 mm.

Cruciform pulleys

Also called cruciate pulleys, these are three pulleys that function to prevent sheath collapse and expansion during digital movements.

C1 Pulley

This cruciate pulley lies just distal to the A2 pulley

C2 Pulley

This pulley is located in the space between the A3 and A4 pulleys

C3 Pulley

This is located distal to the A4 pulley though number of variations have been described.

Flexor Tendon Pulley System of Thumb

Thumb has a separate flexor tendon pulley system.

The flexor sheath of thumb  originates proximal to the radial styloid in the wrist and carries the single flexor pollicis longus tendon.

The retinacular system consists of 3 separate pulleys overlying the membranous sheath. These are

A1 Pulley

The first annular pulley is located at the level of the metacarpophalangeal joint. It is approximately 1 cm  wide and originates from the volar plate and base of the proximal phalanx.

Oblique Pulley

This pulley overlies the flexor  sheath at the midportion of the proximal phalanx. Oblique pulley originates at proximal half of proximal phalanx is about 10 mm in length, and blends with a portion of the adductor pollicis insertion.

It is most important pulley in thumb which facilitates full excursion of flexor pollicis longus and prevents bowstringing of flexor pollicis longus.

A2 Pulley

The second annular pulley is 1 cm in width and attaches to the volar plate of the interphalangeal joint.

Bowstring Phenomenon

To understand bowstring we need to imagine bow and string where string is straight and bow is  is in smooth convex fashion.

But when we flex our finger, the different finger joints are at different angles. This is made possible by pulleys which keep the tendons very close to the bones. This makes the tendon to bend in different curves at different points.

Look at this bent finger

But if the pulleys are not there, the tendon will straighten when it tries to contract the finger like string of bow and the finger, instead of bending at different angles at different points, makes on smooth curve just like bow.

This results in inefficient flexion of the finger, reducing its range of motion.