Imaging

Quantitative computed tomography or QCT

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Quantitative computed tomography is a procedure which uses CT scan for quantitative assessment of the bones or bone mineral density. It is mainly used in osteoporotic patients. By Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease, characterized by low bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. […]

Bone Mineral Density

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Bone mineral density or bone density is measure of mineral content in per square centimeter of bones. Bone mineral density is an indirect indicator of osteoporosis. Densitometery is the test for measurement of bone mineral density. As we grow after reaching peak bone mass, we lose some bone mass because of loss of bone minerals […]

DEXA Scan or Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

DEXA [Now abbreviated as DXA] or dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry is a technique used to measure bone density. Dexa scan involves passing two X-ray beams with different energy levels are aimed at the patient’s bones, and bone mineral density is determined from absorption of each bone after soft tissue absorption is subtracted out. The test is […]

Stress Views of Xrays

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Stress views are special x-ray views in which radiograph of the part examined is done after applying requisite stress. Stress views are important in the evaluation of ligamentous tears, joint stability, and fracture unions. For example, stress views in the hand are usually ordered if there is an injury to the ulnar collateral ligament of […]

Digital Xray Radiogrammetry for Bone Mineral Density

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Radiogrammetry is a technique that uses a conventional radiograph for the assessment of bone status by using cortical width as a measure of bone strength. Osteoporosis is defined as a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures. […]

Normal Alignment of Lower Limb – Axes and Orientation

To understand the deformities of the lower limb, it is important to grasp and establish the parameters defining normal alignment. The normal alignment of lower limb is governed by the arrangement of the femur, tibia, hip, knee, and ankle. To understand it better, the complex three-dimensional shapes of bones and joints can be simplified to basic […]

Wrist Instability Types, Diagnosis and Treatment

Wrist Instability or carpal instability occurs when takes wrist is damaged by trauma, chronic inflammation or anatomical alterations like ulnar variance and neoplasms. Injuries to the ligaments of the wrist represent a broad spectrum of pathology. There are a number of ligaments of the wrist maintaining a complex articulation of carpal bones. Ligament injuries are […]

Osteochondral Lesions of Talus

Osteochondral lesions of talus represent approximately 4% of all cases of osteochondral lesions. Previously terms like osteochondritis dessicans, transchondral talus fracture, and osteochondral talus fracture have been used to describe these lesions which involve cartilage as well as the bone of the talus. A history of trauma is documented in more than 85% of patients […]

Acro-osteolysis Causes and Features

Acro-osteolysis is an osteolysis of the distal phalanges of the hands and feet. It can affect the terminal tuft [transverse acro-osteolysis] or the shaft of the distal phalanx (band acro-osteolysis). Acro-osteolysis is often associated with distal digital ischemia, digital calcinosis, or severe sensory neuropathy. It has been associated with occupational activities, infections, rheumatic disorders (systemic […]

Radial Gutter Splint Indications and Procedure

A radial Gutter splint is a splint that is applied on the radial aspect of forearm and sandwiches 2nd [index]and 3rd [middle] fingers to provide both volar and dorsal support. Splints, as we know from our previous discussions are used to immobilize the injuries either temporarily or as definite treatment. Most common use of splints […]

Proximal femoral Osteotomy

Proximal femoral osteotomy is a joint-sparing procedure that relies on maintaining the biologic integrity of the femoral head. Once common for hip dysplasia and arthritis of the hip, proximal femoral osteotomies are performed less commonly now. But they are still used in the treatment of hip fracture nonunions and malunions and in cases of congenital […]

Distal Femur Fractures Presentation and Treatment

Distal femur fractures have traditionally been associated with young patients but are increasing in the geriatric population. They are commonly found in young, healthy males and elderly osteopenic females. With increased use of prostheses, periprosthetic fractures becoming more common These fractures require anatomically stable fixation. The fractures represent high energy injury in young patients whereas […]