Ulnar variance [also called Hulten variance] refers to the difference between the levels of distal radial and ulnar articular surfaces. As we know wrist is formed by the articulation of the distal radius, distal ulna, and carpal bones. Normally, the radial articular surface lies slightly in a distal position than the ulnar articular surface. Many […]
Anatomy
Blood Supply of Spinal Cord
The blood supply of spinal cord and the vertebral canal is very important from surgical and clinical point of view in addition to its vital importance. The spinal cord is located within the vertebral canal. The blood supply of spinal cord is a complex arrangement of arteries and veins and is responsible for adequate circulation […]
Femoral Anteversion – Normal, Abnormal and Its Significance
The femoral anteversion refers to the normal rotation of the femoral neck in relation to the femoral shaft. It is a normal anatomical occurrence when it occurs within the normal range. However, in some persons, for one reason or other the femoral anteversion value or the rotaion of the neck with respect to rest of […]
Lamellar Bone and Woven Bone- What are the Differences?
Woven bone and lamellar bones are types of bone that are differentiated on basis of their microscopic arrangements. These two bone structures have different functions. Whereas woven bone is the haphazard bone, lamellar bone is a more structured bone. Woven bone is immature bone or primitive bone. it is found in the embryo, the newborn, […]
Articular Cartilage Structure and Function
Articular cartilage is the layer covering the joint surfaces. Its main function is to produce smooth articulations between the joint surfaces. Articular cartilage is the highly specialized connective tissue of diarthrodial joints. Articular cartilage lacks blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. Asa result it has limited healing and repairing mechanisms. In most joints, adult human articular […]
Anatomy of Distal Radius
The distal radius end is the broader metaphyseal and physeal part of the radius that articulates distally with carpal bones and with ulna to form a distal radioulnar joint. The anatomy of distal radius is unique. It is important to have an in-depth knowledge of the anatomy of distal radius as the treatment principles and […]
Rotator Cuff Anatomy and Significance
The rotator cuff is a group of muscles and their tendons in the shoulder which connect the humerus scapula. The muscles in the rotator cuff include teres minor, infraspinatus, supraspinatus and subscapularis Along with the teres major and the deltoid, the four muscles of the rotator cuff make up the six scapulohumeral muscles of the […]
Lumbar Spine Anatomy
Lumbar spine anatomy is unique in being strong and flexible. Lumbar spine provides mobility in many different planes including flexion, extension, side bending, and rotation, and at the very same time is strong enough to support body weight and the load of different postures. The lumbar spine protects the highly sensitive spinal cord and spinal […]
Knee Bursas and Their Significance
Knee bursas is the term for the bursas around the knee. Bursa, a fluid-filled structure that is present between two apposing surfaces to reduce the friction between the two surfaces. Bursas are generally are located around large joints such as the shoulder, knee, hip, and elbow. Knee bursas or bursae are of two types. Those […]
Bone Proteins Types and Function
Bone proteins mainly consist of collagen and other non-collagen proteins. Collagen is the most abundant protein and is found all over the body in bones, tendons, and ligaments. It is important to mention about bone morphogenic proteins in passing. Bone morphogenic proteins are different entities and not structural bone protein. Bone morphogenetic proteins or popularly […]