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Bone and Spine

Orthopedic health, conditions and treatment

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General Ortho

C-Arm Image Intensifier in Orthopedics

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

X-ray image intensifier

C-arm image intensifier or x-ray image intensifier is an imaging component that converts X-rays into a visible image and is a commonly used gadget in orthopedic surgeries. It is also used in many other procedures like gastroendoscopy, vascular surgery, neurosurgery, etc. C-arm machines are fluoroscopy machines and are commonly called as image intensifiers. Fluoroscopy is […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

Interfragmentary Screw or Lag Screw Fixation

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Interfragmentary screw fixation of fracture

An interfragmentary screw or lag screw is the screw that is used to compress fracture fragments. The screw is placed perpendicular to the fracture after it has been reduced and drilled in a way that while it engages the distal cortex, it just slides through the hole in the near cortex. As the screw is […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

What Is Femoral Offset and Its Significance?

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

femoral offset

Femoral offset is the distance from the center of rotation of the femoral head to a line dissecting the long axis of the femur. In the case of total replacement of the hip, the offset is considered as the distance from the center of rotation of the femoral head to a line bisecting the long […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

Kirschner Wire or K-Wire and Its Uses

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

K wire or Kirschner wire

Kirschner wire or K wire was invented by Martin Kirschner in 1909. They have a great role in the management of orthopedic trauma and the correction of deformities. Kirschner wire is also known as K pin. Kirschner wires are pointed stainless steel wires that can be used in multiple roles during internal fixation. These can […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

Trigger Point Causes, Types and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Trigger point diagram

Also called a myofascial trigger point, the trigger point is a hyperirritable spot in skeletal muscle. These are associated with palpable nodules in taut bands of muscle fibers. It is believed that palpable nodules are tiny contraction knots and a common cause of pain. Myofascial pain syndrome is a common painful muscle disorder characterized by […]

Filed Under: General Ortho, Pain Management

Tuberculosis of Spine Presentation and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Types of lesion in tuberculosis of spine

Tuberculosis of spine or TB spine or spinal TB was first described by Percivall Pott, after whom it is also referred to as Pott’s disease or Pott’s spine. Tuberculosis of spine is the commonest form of skeletal tuberculosis. It constitutes about 50 percent of all cases of bone and joint TB. There are few other […]

Filed Under: Spine, General Ortho, Infections

Posture and Postural Defects of Spine

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

standing posture

Posture can be defined as the relationship of the parts of the body to the line of the center of gravity. The posture is a gauge of the mechanical efficiency of the neuromusculoskeletal system in the erect position. A normal person may have different postures of standing and sitting. These unusual postures can over time […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

Bone Destruction- Patterns and Their Significance

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

Different Types of Bone Destruction

Different patterns of bone destruction as observed on x-rays are caused by a variety of disease processes affecting the bone. Different types of destructions suggest the intensity and aggression of the disease process. Classically, x-rays were used for imaging and diagnosis. With the advent of CT and MRI, the x-ray diagnosis of lesions has lost […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

Fracture Healing Stages, Types and Factors Affecting Bone Repair

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

fracture healing callus formation

Fracture healing in a broken bone is quite a complex process that begins by hematoma formation, a collection of inflammatory agents that render the bone-forming cells to form bone tissue to bridge the defect created by fracture. In this article, we would discuss steps of fracture healing in a broken bone, the types of fracture […]

Filed Under: General Ortho

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Diagram of Risser sign

Risser Sign and Its Use in Scoliosis

The Risser sign, also called Risser index or Risser classification is a system used to assess and grade skeletal maturity based on the level of ossification and fusion of the iliac crest apophyses. The apophyses (singular: apophysis) are the normal bony outgrowths which have separate ossification centers and eventually fuse with the bone in time. Iliac […]

thenar flap for finger tip injuries

Fingertip Injuries of The Hand

Fingertip injuries can be crushing, tearing, or amputating injuries to the tips of fingers and thumbs. Injury can include damage to skin and soft tissue, bone (distal phalanx), or to the nail and nailbed. The tips of longer fingers tend to be injured more . Classification of Fingertip Injuries of The Hand Mostly used classification […]

c7 vertebra

Vertebra Prominens or Seventh Cervical Vertebra [C7]

Vertebra prominens is the common name for 7th cervical vertebra or C7, the largest and most inferior vertebra of the cervical region of the spine. It is named because it has a large spinous process that protrudes posteriorly and can be felt prominently on palpation. Vertebra prominens is easily recognized on palpation of the back of […]

Classification of Osteochondral lesions of talus

Osteochondral Lesions of Talus

Osteochondral lesions of talus represent approximately 4% of all cases of osteochondral lesions. Previously terms like osteochondritis dessicans, transchondral talus fracture, and osteochondral talus fracture have been used to describe these lesions which involve cartilage as well as the bone of the talus. A history of trauma is documented in more than 85% of patients […]

femur bone

Femur Anatomy and Attachments

The femur is also called the thigh bone and is the longest and strongest bone of the body. It is composed of an upper end, a lower end and a shaft. The upper and bears a rounded head, whereas the lower end is widely expanded to from two large condyles. The head is directed medially. The […]

Different indices for patellar height measurement

Patellar Height Measurement – Insall Salvati, Blackburne-Peel and Caton-Deschamps Indices

Patellar height measurement becomes important in the diagnosis of patella alta and patella baja. Patella alta is a condition where the patella is high riding than its normal position. Patella baja refers to low lying position of the patella. Both conditions have been discussed separately. Measurement of patellar height can confirm or rule out the […]

periosteal chondroma of femur

Juxtacortical Tumors or Surface Tumors of Bone

Juxtacortical tumors or surface tumors of bone are neoplasms [abnormal and excessive growth] arising from or just outside the cortex, and are composed of different histologic types. Some of the important juxtacortical tumors are Periosteal or juxtacortical chondroma Periosteal or juxtacortical chondrosarcomas Periosteal or juxtacortical  osteosarcomas Types of Juxtacortical Tumors Juxtacortical tumors are divided into […]

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